https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/issue/feedInternational Journal of Communication2022-12-10T09:51:23-08:00IJoC Editorial Officebellgarc@usc.eduOpen Journal SystemsThe <em>International Journal of Communication</em> is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The <em>International Journal of Communication</em> will release their articles under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/meet-the-licenses" target="_new"><strong>Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license</strong></a>. 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Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use.</p><p>The<em> International Journal of Communication</em> encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.icahdq.org_pubs_reports_fairuse.pdf&d=DgMFaQ&c=clK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=z0jMYK4APs76R0TPptWZekUQTuP6GnDVQWtzytMdv9U&m=37DK6OjiYtTDAnFaj6_dV6Oq2LTSOXch3n5z48GHWxQ&s=SHJr7fsXNC5jPLU2k55iR97scx6KjEeNDj8PS7lpnvg&e=">Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication</a>, created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.</p><em><strong> <br /></strong></em>https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20120The Dialectic Polarization of Consensus Formation: An Analysis of Civic Studies Media Discourse in Israel2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Elie Friedmanelief@edu.aac.ac.ilMichal Neubauer-Shanimichal.neubauer@mail.huji.ac.il<p>In democracies, civic education aims at fostering a common civic identity that prepares citizens to embrace disagreements about basic values and settle conflicts in legitimate ways, an acute need following social, political, and media polarization. Using the Israeli media debate about civic education as a case study, this study illustrates how, in a deeply polarized society, the debate regarding civic education has become yet another tool for aggravating polarization and “othering” of the opposing side of the debate while bringing this polarization into the classroom. Using dialectic discourse analysis, this study strives to disclose the central discursive resources used by both liberal and conservative “camps” to appropriate central societal values toward their position on civic studies. It illustrates how each camp attempts to present itself as aligning with “neutral” political education by appropriating “nonideological” societal values to advance its approach toward civics.</p>2022-11-30T04:55:18-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20001A Failed Regulatory Remedy? An Empirical Examination of Affordable Broadband Plan Obligations2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Hernan Galperinhernan.galperin@usc.edu<p>This study examines whether three affordable broadband plans that emerged from merger proceedings in the United States have helped connect low-income households. The study employs a difference-in-difference approach that compares the change in adoption rates in the areas served by each service operator with the change in adoption rates in areas not served by the operator following the introduction of the affordable plan. This allows for isolating the additional contribution that each plan has had over and above the growth in adoption that would have occurred in absence of the plan. The results indicate that these affordable plan commitments have had no significant impact on residential connectivity among low-income households. Weak oversight and misaligned incentives are the main factors that explain these findings, which raise questions about the value of these commitments as a regulatory tool to advance digital equity. </p>2022-11-30T04:52:07-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19714The COVID−19 Vaccination Campaign and Disinformation on Twitter: The Role of Opinion Leaders and Political Social Media Influencers in the Italian Debate on Green Pass2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Sara Monacisara.monaci@polito.itSimone Persicosimone.persico@polito.it<p class="ANAbstract">In Italy, the Twitter debate on the green pass ignited a conflict between mainstream positions in favor of restrictions, and opposite opinions extremely critical of government measures, also characterized by disinformation. Drawing from the classic Katz and Lazarsfeld model of influence, this article investigates the role of opinion leaders as well as that of political social media influencers (PSMIs) in fueling disinformation on the green pass. Thanks to a computational analysis of Twitter contents (4 million+) and the use of critical metrics and social network analysis (SNA), we identified a limited number of influential profiles endorsing critical positions on the green pass. Their interaction networks analysis also showed how both opinion leaders and PSMIs spread disinformation and conspiracy theories through a dissemination strategy aimed at diverting their followers from Twitter toward “below-the-radar” channels (e.g., Rumble), where positions on political issues tend to be more hyper-partisan.</p>2022-11-30T04:49:37-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19626Gamer Identity and Social Class: An Analysis of Barcelona Teenagers’ Discourses on Videogame Culture and Gaming Practices2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Júlia Vilasís-Pamosjulia.vilasis@upf.eduÓliver Pérez-Latorreoliver.perez@upf.edu<p>This article examines the role played by social class in the construction of gamer identity among teenagers. Studying gamer identity from the perspective of social class is relevant because it is underexplored in academic research while successive global crises are generating large social inequalities, with young people as one of the groups most affected. Methodologically, this research is based on two qualitative questionnaires and four focus groups with 24 in-school teenagers aged 14 and 15 from Barcelona, Spain. The findings show that social class is important for understanding videoludic practices and the medium’s role in teenagers’ socialization processes. Thus, sociocultural background affects the perception and construction of the gamer identity as well as the aspirations that teenagers may have in relation to video games as a possible path for their professional future. </p>2022-11-30T04:45:26-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19467Taking the Audience Seriously? The Normative Construction of Engaged Journalism2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Jacob L. NelsonJacob.l.nelson@utah.eduThomas R. Schmidtt1schmidt@ucsd.edu<p>Journalism researchers and publishers worldwide have begun focusing their attention on understanding and encouraging “engagement.” As more newsrooms took up engagement, the issues of journalists have begun to shift from whether to encourage more audience interaction in news to how much audience interaction is desirable, and what kind of engagement should be pursued in the first place. This study explores the ways in which two distinct conceptualizations of interactions between journalists and the audience evolved (“audience engagement” and “engaged journalism”) and the normative ideals underlying each by performing a qualitative analysis of articles written by journalism practitioners, funders, and researchers within public-facing outlets. The goal is to understand (1) the ways in which journalism as a field conceptualizes the risks and benefits of engagement and (2) the normative assumptions inherent within these conceptualizations. We conclude that the evolution of engagement offers scholars a template by which they can study the interlinked construction of cognitive roles and occupational norms to better understand the motivations, goals, and underlying assumptions of new types of journalism. </p>2022-11-30T04:42:55-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19329Who You Are Can Predict What You Say on a Virtual Date: Traits as Predictors of Communication Patterns of Young Men Who Have Sex With Men2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Liyuan Wangliyuanwa@usc.eduAshley Brownashleybrown2011@u.northwestern.eduLynn C. Millerlmiller@usc.edu<p class="ANAbstract">Using virtual environments (VE), we examine—for the first time—how individuals’ traits predict “first date,” in-the-moment conversational choices. We look at how attachment anxiety, avoidance, and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) predict virtual conversational choices (i.e., to dismiss, deny, or reciprocate in virtual conversations during a virtual date). We tested this possibility through socially optimized learning in virtual environments (SOLVE-IT), a web-based, interactive 3D video game intervention designed for young men who have sex with men (YMSM) to reduce risky sexual behaviors. Data analyzed were drawn from 358 HIV-negative, self-identified MSM aged from 18 to 24, who were part of the SOLVE-IT intervention. Using ordinary least squares regression, we found that both BIS and attachment styles affect in-the-moment conversational responses and that attachment moderates the effects of BIS on those responses. The implications of these findings are discussed.</p>2022-11-30T04:40:32-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19304A Serial Mediation Model Predicting Covid-19 Vaccines Acceptance in Portugal: The Critical Role of Conspiracy Theories in the Wake of Perceived Quality of Government Communication and National Stereotypes2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Christin-Melanie VauclairMelanie.Vauclair@iscte-iul.ptElena PiccinelliElena_Piccinelli@iscte-iul.pt<p>Ever since the Covid-19 vaccination rollout, governments have aimed for herd immunity. Yet, many countries are far from achieving this goal mainly due to vaccine refusal. Previous research has pointed to conspiracy beliefs and the role of trust in governments as predictors of vaccine acceptance, yet a more comprehensive explanatory model is still missing. Using data from a convenience sample of 377 residents in Portugal (<em>M<sub>age</sub></em> = 33.56, SD = 13.67), the present study extends previous research by proposing a serial mediation model in the prediction of vaccine acceptance. The results confirm the critical role of conspiracy beliefs mediating the link between perceived quality of government communication and general vaccine acceptance (Model 1) as well as national stereotypes and acceptance of the Sinovac vaccine from China (Model 2). The implications are discussed considering that Portugal is currently ranked the second country in the world with the highest vaccination rate. </p>2022-11-30T04:37:59-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19209LGBTQ+ Collegiate Athletes and the Double Bind: Insights From the Experiences of Out Varsity Athletes2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Evan Brodyevan.brody@uky.eduD. Travers Scottdscott3@clemson.eduKatrina L. Parierakpar@sdsu.edu<p>This article presents recommendations for supporting out LGBTQ+ collegiate varsity athletes based on self-descriptions of their experiences. Within a larger quantitative survey, 63 former and current varsity athletes, who were out as LGBTQ+ while competing, wrote about their experiences. We then thematically analyzed their responses. Participants describe a double bind in which they desire more specific support for their unique LGBTQ+ identity at an institutional level yet request that athletic programs not spectacularize that difference at an individual level. Athletes suggest that programs signal their support of LGBTQ+ athletes more proactively and through the use of safe zones, increased educational opportunities for allies, and more visible and vocal pro-LGBTQ+ stances from those in leadership positions. Practical implications, such as an LGBTQ+-conscious approach to supporting athletes, are discussed. </p>2022-11-30T04:35:12-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19002Live, Work, Play: Exploring the Rhetorical Dimension of Remote Work Attraction Incentives Programs2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Alberto Lusolialusoli@sfu.ca<p>Remote Work Attraction Incentives Programs are local economic development tools offering cash or kind payments and financial incentives to remote workers willing to relocate to sponsoring regions or cities. In this research, I analyze the websites of 15 Remote Work Attraction Incentives Programs to understand how U.S. second-tier cities, rural regions, metropolitan areas, and entire states are reshaping their public images in an attempt to rebrand themselves as places for remote workers. The findings show how Remote Work Attraction Incentives Programs counter canonical models for talent attraction by promoting their respective locations as places of production rather than places of consumption and by playing on the contrast between the lifestyles remote workers can afford in the promoted locations and the issues affecting the quality of life in major U.S. cities. </p>2022-11-30T04:32:16-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18917Cognitive Dissonance in Social Media and Face-to-Face Interactions in Relation to the Legacy of War2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Sanja Vicos.vico@exeter.ac.uk<p>Acknowledgment of ingroup responsibility and outgroup suffering is needed for post-conflict societies to move on. Scholars have argued that this attitude shift happens through cognitive dissonance, an unpleasant experience of inconsistency between views and behavior. Existing research on cognitive dissonance has focused on psychological triggers. By doing so, it has overlooked social triggers. This study argues that the experience of cognitive dissonance depends on a combination of the features of communicative environments that encourage dialogic exchange and actors deemed legitimate to speak about human rights violations. Evidence draws on discourse analysis of interactions on Facebook, Twitter, and in face-to-face focus groups. This study finds that cognitive dissonance occurs in engaged interactions, through lengthy negotiations of meanings that is most prevalent in face-to-face interactions among ordinary people, somewhat present on Facebook, and least observable in interactions with human rights activists on Twitter. </p>2022-11-30T04:29:57-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18681The Other Side of the Pandemic: Effects of Racialized News Coverage on Attitudes Toward Asians and Immigrants2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Martina Santiamsantia@syr.eduAyla Odenaoden4@lsu.eduSeon-Woo Kimkseonw1@lsu.eduRaymond J. Pingreerpingree@lsu.eduJessica Wyersjwyers1@lsu.eduKirill Bryanovbryanov@gmail.com<p>Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. news coverage related to race in 2 distinct ways: coverage of how foreign countries, particularly Asian countries, responded to the pandemic, and coverage of episodes of racism against Asian Americans and Asian-looking individuals. Past research has firmly established that different types of racialized news coverage can lead to very different effects among audiences. This study employs an online survey-experiment to investigate the effects of exposure to these 2 types of racialized news coverage amid the pandemic. Our findings reveal that exposure to an anti-Asian racism news story negatively affected attitudes toward the group depicted in the news. Anti-Asian racism news also increased opposition to immigration. News about an Asian country, however, did not influence attitudes toward Asians and instead decreased opposition to immigration. Trump support played a moderating role for some of these effects. As hate crimes targeting Asians continue in the United States and abroad, the implications of these findings are discussed. </p>2022-11-30T04:27:21-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18676Balancing Opportunities and Incentives: How Rising China’s Mediated Public Diplomacy Changes Under Crisis2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Kentaro Nakamurakentaro308@uchicago.edu<p>Although public diplomacy is widely practiced, the scope of its theory is limited mostly to Western countries. Addressing this limitation requires empirical evidence on non-Western countries, but beyond case studies, it is not theorized how non-Western countries strategize their public diplomacy. As a first step, this article explores China’s mediated public diplomacy during two crises: the Sino-U.S. trade war and the COVID-19 pandemic. Using machine learning, this study finds that the 2 crises affected mediated public diplomacy differently. The trade war provided both opportunities and incentives, which escalated both China’s positive advertisements and the negative campaign against the United States. However, China attempted to deflect attention during the pandemic. Chinese international media outlets started not to talk much about its economy and international activities after the pandemic outbreak, and instead they dramatically increased the negative mention of the United States. Therefore, China strategically coordinates its mediated public diplomacy according to the situation based on both incentives and opportunities.</p>2022-11-30T04:23:35-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18582Coping With Disruption: What This New World Says About Digital Divide Theory2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Ashley J. Coventryashleycoventry@ucsb.eduCrystal Leungcrystalleung@ucsb.eduBryan Zunigabzuniga@ucsb.eduKacey Hsukaceyhsu@ucsb.eduAmy L. Gonzalesgonzales@ucsb.eduIn this study, we examine reliance on technology during the beginning of the pandemic, and how both digital access and skills impact people’s ability to cope with this unique situation. We situate our findings in research on technology reliance during large-scale disasters using the <em>theory of amplification</em> and the <em>technology maintenance </em>construct. We conducted 32 semi-structured in-depth interviews with participants from a range of socioeconomic statuses about their experience navigating technology in the early months of the pandemic. Consistent with the theory of amplification, participants who lacked needed digital technologies and necessary digital skills had a harder time adapting to the pandemic than better-resourced participants. Participants who lacked digital resources also often minimized struggles, suggesting that acquiescence as a means of surviving scarcity may be a key moderator that determines technology maintenance outcomes.2022-11-30T04:21:03-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18139Agents of Change and Contentious Agents Interwoven Narratives in the Visual Representations of the Protester in News Magazine Covers2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Delia Dumitricadumitrica@eshcc.eur.nlAlexandra Schwingesa.schwinges@uva.nl<p>This article examines the visual representations of the protester on the covers of <em>Der Spiegel</em> and <em>Time</em> (2010–2020). Drawing from the protest paradigm literature and literature on the role of visuals in protest, the article performs a qualitative content analysis of a corpus of 47 relevant covers. The analysis reveals the coexistence of different narratives: on the one hand, the protesting citizen appears as a powerful political agent, commanding attention with his determination and dedication to the cause. While this hopeful image can appease worries around the alleged apathy of the civic body, it also re-legitimizes Western democracies as accountable to and shaped by their citizenry. On the other hand, the protesting citizen can also be a danger to democracies, as it threatens to destabilize the political field. Two trends are noteworthy here: the individualizing and individualistic lens through which collective action is increasingly represented on news magazine covers; and the rise of the female protester as a politically significant actor. </p>2022-11-30T04:15:08-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17736Cultivating Communication Resilience as an Adaptive-Transformative Process During a Global Pandemic: Extending the Purview of the Communication Theory of Resilience2022-11-30T04:59:57-08:00Adwoa Sikayena Amankwahadsikaman75@gmail.comPrince Adu Gyamfiadugyamfiprince5@gmail.comAbigail Narkie OduroAbigail.oduro@upsamail.edu.gh<p>The continuing devastation caused by COVID-19 requires that leadership at global, regional, and national levels communicate in a resilient manner to their populations to encourage adherence to safety measures and protective behaviors to mitigate the pandemic’s effects. For national leaders, it requires communicating effectively for resilience among other measures to curb the spread. However, the process by which national leaders cultivate effective communication for resilience is largely unknown. By addressing this research gap, this study utilizes the communication theory of resilience (CTR) and community resilience as theoretical frameworks to content analyze the Ghanaian president’s speeches on the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings suggest that although the president’s communication has been empathic with actionable processes, approaches to mitigate the effects of the pandemic, though ingenious, are more adaptive than transformative. This study has implications for theory, practice, and policy as it extends the purview of the CTR by proposing a revised process of communication for cultivating national resilience during pandemics.</p>2022-11-30T04:11:33-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20030Visual Representations in Organizational Instagram Photos and the Public’s Responses: Focusing on Nonprofit Organizations2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Yunhwan Kimyunhwankim2@kookmin.ac.krSiyeon Jangsiyeonjang@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract"><a name="_Hlk117535976"></a><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">This study aimed to explore what were visually represented in nonprofit organizations’ (NPOs’) Instagram photos and how the features of the photos were related to the public’s responses. The contents of the photos were examined using online artificial intelligence services. NPOs’ Instagram photos and accounts were clustered discretely, and the resulting clusters were compared in terms of the photo features at content and pixel levels. The public’s responses were correlated with and predicted from the photo features. The results showed that photos of people made up the largest share of NPOs’ Instagram photos. Three photo clusters and three account clusters were detected and found to be different in terms of their content- and pixel-level characteristics. A part of photo features was significantly associated with the public’s responses, and engagement was predicted from the photo features with an acceptable level of accuracy whereas comment sentiment was not.</span></p><p align="left"> </p>2022-11-14T11:07:15-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19489Nonlinear Program Repeat-Viewing Patterns and Their Determinants2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Yunjin Choiyunjin@yonsei.ac.krBong Gyou Leebglee@yonsei.ac.kr<p align="left">As the use of video-streaming services has become widespread, nonlinear TV viewing has given users a wider choice of video content. However, there is a lack of research on audience behavior related to program selection. This audience duplication research examined nonlinear viewing patterns of programs and analyzed the determinants of repeat viewing by using an integrated framework that considered both structural and individual factors. By analyzing the viewing data of 28,681 individual users who watched 113 programs, the results revealed that 52.9% of viewers in one week followed up with the same program the next week, and 61.4% of viewers of one episode watched the next episode, while the viewing pattern was different for each program type. Furthermore, structural factors showed a significant influence on repeat viewing, but program-type preference (individual factor) showed the largest influence. </p>2022-11-14T11:05:02-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19359Networked Huawei Agendas During the U.S.-China Trade Conflict: The Interrelationships Between Huawei, the News Media, and Public Tweets2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Zahedur Rahman Armanarmanzahed@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">This study examines interrelationships among Huawei’s networked agendas, the U.S. and Chinese news media agendas, and Twitter users’ agendas on Twitter during the U.S.-China trade conflict. Social network analysis is used as a theory and method to analyze Huawei tweets, news media tweets, and public tweets. This study explored whether Huawei’s direct network agenda setting (NAS) to Twitter users is more successful than the news media’s network agenda setting to Twitter users. This study is among the first to explore cross-nation NAS and network intermedia agenda setting (IAS) effects on Twitter. It also found that the U.S. media did not follow Huawei’s networked agendas, but the Chinese media followed the corporation’s agendas during the U.S.-China trade conflict. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.</p>2022-11-14T11:02:46-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19331“Spectacular” User Subjectivities on Instagram: A Discursive Interface Analysis2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Lydia Kollyrigk.kollyri@edu.cut.ac.cyDimitra L. Milionidimitra.milioni@cut.ac.cy<p>Instagram has succeeded in becoming a pervasive part of everyday life for many of its million users. Drawing on the Debordian concept of the spectacle and principles of Actor Network Theory, we approach Instagram as a sociotechnical assemblage, examining how it functions as a norm-(re)producing mechanism and how it constructs user subjectivities, analyzing both the platform’s design and the surrounding discourses. Four types of “ideal” users are prescribed: (1) spectators, (2) producers of spectacular content, (3) sociable users, and (4) consumers of commodities and aspiring influencers. Based on this analysis, we argue that Instagram closely resembles a contemporary spectacle (“Spectacle 2.0”), whose key logic is the aestheticization of everyday life. </p>2022-11-14T11:00:28-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19018Imagining Algorithms to Believe In: Comparing OkCupid and Tinder Users’ Perceptions of Algorithms to Uncover Alternatives to Algorithmic Exploitation on Dating Apps2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Gregory Narrnarr.greg14@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">Although the advance of algorithmic media into everyday life by phone apps has been decried as exploitative, these apps remain extremely popular. To explore why this is, I compare the algorithmic imaginary of a prototypical dating website (OkCupid) with that of a prototypical dating app (Tinder). These imaginaries were derived from Reddit forums and interviews. By comparing these imaginaries, I show that transparency and reciprocal disclosure of private information were affordances valued by online daters prior to the widespread adoption of dating apps to find dates. I argue these affordances, well suited for the social connections users turn to algorithmic media for, could inform more compelling alternatives to algorithmic exploitation than calls for more privacy.</p>2022-11-14T10:57:38-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18304Is Open Communication Scholarship a Promise or Peril? Preliminary Interviews With Qualitative Communication Scholars2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Rukun Zhang202131021007@mail.bnu.edu.cnJiankun Gonggongjiankun1992@gmail.comWeipeng Houhouweipengmuc@163.comAmira Firdausamira_firdaus@um.edu.myJinghong Xu123abctg@163.com<p class="ANAbstract">Formally initiated by the International Communication Association (ICA) in 2020, an open communication scholarship (OCS) movement has sparked much conversation within quantitative communication sciences. But why is OCS not more widely adopted in qualitative research? Do scholars think it brings more harm than good? This exploratory research focuses on how communication scholars perceive these questions. Using semistructured interviews with 40 scholars from the United States, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, and China, we found that, in theory, most scholars support it; however, OCS practices and research environments are highly nuanced. Given the iterative nature of qualitative data analysis and the importance of context, subjectivity, and reflexivity, scholars prefer to share “condensed data” rather than “raw data.” They worry about the difficulties in data sharing, verifying, and reusing; the potential risks of identification; intellectual property rights; and informed consent. The implications of OCS in qualitative research are mixed, exemplified by debates among scholars on data quality, cost, flexibility, trust, and collaboration.</p>2022-11-14T10:53:29-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17195The Effects of Narratives and Disclosure Timings on Reducing Stigma and Implicit Bias Against People Suffering From Mental Illness2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Sushma Kumbleskumble@towson.eduFuyuan Shenfus1@psu.edu<p class="ANAbstract">Although scholars have examined how narratives encourage empathy for and favorable attitude toward the stigmatized, little is known about the efficacy of the timing of the disclosure in the narrative to reveal a stigmatized condition and facilitate destigmatization. To test these effects, we conducted a between-subjects online experiment (<em>N </em>= 290) comparing narratives (early- vs. late-disclosure timing) to informational messages in the context of mental illness. Additionally, the present study also examined if narratives aided in reducing implicit bias and whether disclosure timing also had an impact on reducing implicit bias. Results indicate that, narratives, regardless of the disclosure timing, aided in reducing perceived threats and increased social acceptances as compared with informational messages. However, the disclosure timing had an impact on explicit attitude levels. Additionally, narratives did not significantly reduce implicit bias. Implications and future directions are also discussed.</p>2022-11-14T10:46:45-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16824Between Tradition and Modernity: Representation of Women in Family Planning Campaigns in Pakistan2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Farah Azharfarah.azhar@mnsu.edu<p>Pakistan, the fifth most populous country in the world, has had various family planning campaigns since the 1960s, but the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) has remained low compared with other South Asian countries. The promotional messages of the nonprofits Greenstar Social Marketing Campaign (GSM) and DKT International Pakistan are analyzed to see how the discourse surrounding contraception and women’s identity oscillates between the notion of tradition and modernity. The first part of the article focuses on how the promotional messages portray the dialectics between the traditional and biomedical approaches to family planning, while the second part examines how women’s identities are portrayed in these messages. This research is grounded in a culture-centered approach to health communication. Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach was used as the main methodology. Promotional messages, including Facebook posts, newsletters, brochures, and images from 2009 to 2019, were analyzed. The biomedical approach to family planning is presented by GSM and DKT as a healthier, more successful, and more prosperous approach for Pakistani women, while the traditional approach is backgrounded in these messages or associated with poverty and misery, if mentioned.</p>2022-11-14T10:39:16-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19485Environmental Mobilizations Through Online Networks: An Analysis of Environmental Activism on Turkey’s Twittersphere2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Burak Doğuburak.dogu@ieu.edu.trHayriye Özenhayriye.ozen@ieu.edu.trBegüm Pasinbegum.kozer@ieu.edu.tr<p class="Style2">This study explores and elucidates the nature and dynamics of environmental activism mediated via Twitter in Turkey. Drawing on the Twitter data, we show that two different forms of environmentalism are being pursued on this platform. There is, on the one hand, mainstream environmentalism of relatively established actors, and, on the other, confrontational/critical environmentalism of new actors. Unlike the former, the latter politicizes environmental issues to its full extent. While the actors pursuing mainstream environmentalism tend to act individually and use Twitter rather as a broadcast platform, the actors of confrontational/critical environmentalism form connections, interact, and engage in concerted action to voice environmental concerns, thereby incubating an environmental movement on Twitter within the increasingly authoritarian Turkish context. Our findings suggest that Twitter performs highly different functions within the same context depending on the discourses, identities, and interests of environmental actors. </p>2022-10-29T19:14:11-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19483Populists or Influencers? The Use of Facebook Videos by Populist Leaders2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Alessandro Gandinialessandro.gandini@unimi.itAndrea Ceronandrea.ceron@unimi.itPatrizio Lodettipatrizio.lodetti@unifi.it<p>Populist leaders use social media as a primary tool for cultivating direct relationships with “the people.” Their online activity bears similarities with that of social media influencers; however, the extent of this similarity has not been discussed in-depth. In this article, we explore this affinity, performing ethnographic content analysis on a set of Facebook videos published by 3 Southern European populist leaders—Matteo Salvini (Lega, Italy), Luigi Di Maio (Five Star Movement, M5S, Italy), and Pablo Iglesias (Podemos, Spain)—during the general election campaigns of 2016 and 2018 and after assumption of public office. We argue that the communication styles of these populist leaders mimic those of social media influencers according to 4 main dimensions: “hybrid” visibility labor, authenticity, algorithm gaming, and transformation of digital publics into communities characterized by a sense of we-ness. </p>2022-10-29T19:10:43-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19471Public Relations in Mongolia: The Missing Part on the Global Public Relations Map2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Milen Filipovmfilipov@kimep.kzAimira Dybyssovaaimira.dybyssova@kimep.kzThis phenomenological research of public relations (PR) in Mongolia reviews 13 in-depth e-mail interviews of Mongolian PR specialists in business, public, and nongovernmental organizations. Our study shows that PR is influenced more by politics than by business. Finance, mining, telecommunications, entertainment, and politics actively use PR whereas transportation, the food industry, tourism, and higher education are only gradually implementing PR. The media landscape, with social media taking the lead, is oversaturated with PR. However, politics and their corporate circles negatively impact the state of the media respectively of PR too. Honesty, respect for traditions, positive public image, and implicit communication are vital cultural features of Mongolian PR. Due to the intense rural-urban migration, the decreasing sense of community, and public message skepticism demand community relations.2022-10-29T19:08:23-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19460Colonizing the Home as Data-Source: Investigating the Language of Amazon Skills and Google Actions2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Louise Marie Hurell.h.dias@lse.ac.ukNick Couldryn.couldry@lse.ac.uk<p>Multiple domains of life and everyday routine interactions have been targeted as key sites for shaping individuals’ behaviors according to companies’ data extractive expectations, in particular the home. The introduction of Digital Personal Assistants (DPA) such as Alexa and Google Assistant has been one of the ways through which companies have sought to push the frontiers of data extraction into the most private and intimate spaces of everyday life. In this article, we look at how the home has been positioned as a space for data extraction through Amazon “skills” and Google “actions”—programmable apps within the DPA. We conducted a thematic analysis of documents from both companies and present different dimensions through which the home is opened up for data extraction, a process we call the “data colonization” of the home.</p>2022-10-29T19:05:33-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19284Community Storytelling Networks and Empowerment of Migrant Domestic Workers: A Communication Infrastructure Approach2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Jeffry Oktavianusjeffry.oktavianus@my.cityu.edu.hkWan-Ying Linwanying.lin@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract"><a name="_Hlk115108217"></a><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">Guided by communication infrastructure theory, this study examines the role of storytelling agents and integrated connectedness to community storytelling networks (ICSN) in empowering disenfranchised groups, particularly migrant domestic workers (MDWs). This study is based on survey data from 402 Indonesian MDWs in Hong Kong. The analysis identified a positive association between ICSN and civic participation as a form of behavioral empowerment. Moreover, ICSN also significantly influenced intrapersonal empowerment, which operated via social support. These findings shed light on the potential of ICSN in empowering marginalized groups, and thus, more effort should be devoted to strengthening the workers’ connections to their community storytelling networks.</span></p>2022-10-29T19:02:17-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18487Environmental Communication at a Time of Planetary Crisis: Five Theoretical and Analytical Resources for Academic Research and Practice2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Trish Morgantrish.morgan@dcu.ie<p>This article draws on transdisciplinary perspectives to contend that attention needs to be paid to contemporary contexts of environmental communication, especially in light of the latest assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Amid stark warnings around planetary crisis, this article provides environmental communication scholars, academics, and practitioners who are concerned with communicating aspects of deepening environmental crisis, a set of theoretical and analytical resources for the analysis and communication of environmental issues. Communicating environmental issues requires an expanded set of transdisciplinary approaches to move beyond a focus on representation of issues. To this end, the article draws on interdisciplinary bodies of knowledge from geography and communications to provide a set of reinforcing and complementary theoretical and analytical insights that are generally absent in the field of environmental communication. The article contends that attention needs to be paid to transdisciplinary perspectives, ontological, structural, and material challenges, and to the salience of other media, including digital and emerging media. The article thus provides five transdisciplinary theoretical and conceptual resources that expand the dimensions of environmental communication. </p>2022-10-29T18:58:14-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18275BLM Movement Frames Among the Muted Voices: Actor-Generated Infographics on Instagram During #BlackoutTuesday2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Kirsten M. Weberweber2km@cmich.eduHolly A. V. Smithsmith2ha@cmich.eduBradley Madsenmadse1bh@cmich.eduTisha Dejmaneetisha.dejmanee@uts.edu.auZulfia Zaherzaher1z@cmich.eduWithin the context of social movements, movement frames define social or political problems and guide movement participants to address those issues. As a decentralized movement, #BlackLivesMatter (#BLM) invited audiences to appropriate the hashtag and use it to illuminate numerous issues that affect Black Americans. This article focuses on the infographics that were generated and circulated in association with #BlackoutTuesday on Instagram to understand user-generated movement frames for the #BLM movement. Our theme analysis yielded four themes representative of user-generated movement frames, including (a) sharing antiracist information (e.g., information about police brutality, statistics illustrating racial disparities, portrayals of systemic racism, refutations of oppositional arguments, and defining and clarifying antiracist vocabulary), (b) amplifying Black voices, (c) tips for performing allyship, and (d) calls to action. We discuss how user-generated themes on Instagram work within the BLM movement and how visual texts support movements on social media more generally.2022-10-29T18:55:38-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18200Engagement With Social Media Posts in Experimental and Naturalistic Settings: How Do Message Incongruence and Incivility Influence Commenting?2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Xudong Yux.yu3@uva.nlTeresa Gil-Lópeztgil@hum.uc3m.esCuihua Shencuishen@ucdavis.eduMagdalena Wojcieszakmwojcieszak@ucdavis.edu<p>Research on factors that encourage people to speak out online uses either experimental or observational data, and it is unclear whether patterns detected in one setting apply to the other. This project examines whether message incongruence and incivility influence the likelihood of commenting on social media posts about politics in both controlled and naturalistic settings. An online experiment on American adults using a mock Facebook page (Study 1, <em>N </em>= 424) showed that incivility decreased commenting when the original comment was pro-attitudinal but had no effects when it was counter-attitudinal and that incivility directly depressed commenting (i.e., unmediated via anger), but increased it indirectly through anger. An observational study on Spanish Twitter users (Study 2, <em>N </em>tweets<em> </em>= 4,153) demonstrated that in a naturalistic setting, there were more pro- than counter-attitudinal comments in response to the original tweet, and incivility was not associated with the desire to speak out. The implications are discussed. </p>2022-10-29T18:52:43-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17431International Students’ Direct and Parasocial Contact and Attitudes Toward American Host Nationals: The Mediating Role of Cultural Identification2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Teri Terigeleterigele@ku.eduYan Bing Zhangybzhang@ku.eduHuang Jiangparisejiang@gmail.com<p align="left">Guided by the theoretical intersections of acculturation and intergroup contact, this study explores the associations between international students’ direct contact with American host nationals and parasocial interaction with their favorite American character on mass media, identification with the U.S. culture, and attitudes toward Americans. The results indicated that international students’ communication frequency and communication quality with their most frequent American contact, parasocial interaction with their favorite American movie/TV drama character had significant positive indirect effects on their affective and behavioral attitudes toward Americans through identification with the U.S. culture. In addition, communication quality had a significant positive direct effect on behavioral attitudes. These findings contribute to studies about international students in the United States by highlighting the importance of cultural identification with the U.S. culture as a mediator of the relationships between international students’ direct and parasocial interactions with American host nationals and their attitudes toward Americans. </p>2022-10-29T18:49:54-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19834Differing Influences of Political Communication: Examining How News Use and Conversation Shape Political Engagement in Nigeria2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Oluseyi Adegbolaoadegbol@depaul.eduSherice Gearhartsherice.gearhart@ttu.eduBingbing Zhangbpz5077@psu.edu<p class="ANAbstract">Nigeria is an emerging democracy with a political communication environment that supports citizen engagement. Using the differential gains model as theoretical framework, this study tests how different types of political communication relate to three forms of political engagement: non-conventional (protest), conventional (campaign volunteer), and voting. Using a “boots on the ground” sampling approach in six Nigerian geopolitical regions (<em>N </em>= 900), findings highlight how reliance on different types of political information can enhance or undermine citizen engagement. Specifically, results show political talk and texting are the most impactful across engagement types, while traditional news use discourages disruptive non-conventional engagement. Mixed evidence for the differential gains model is identified, and the role of political communication within an emerging democracy is discussed. Recommendations for governmental and nongovernmental political advocacy organizations seeking to mobilize citizens are provided.</p>2022-10-14T16:43:28-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19813Building Ideal Workplaces: Labor, Affect, and Identity in Tech for Good Projects2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Karina Riderkarina.rider@queensu.ca<p class="ANAbstract">Nascent organizations emerging from a mixture of public and private interests are attempting to collaboratively innovate new ways to build digital technologies premised on the robust support of citizens and public goods—known broadly as “Tech for Good” initiatives. Drawing on 6 months of participant observation and in-depth interviews with civic technologists in the San Francisco Bay Area, I argue that Tech for Good initiatives are thoroughly structured by technologists’ affective attachments to their careers. While participants work to build digital technologies to benefit the common good, they simultaneously work through feelings of disillusionment, unfulfillment, and disappointment with their jobs in the high-tech sector—a set of practices that I call repair work. By engaging in repair work, participants repurpose civic technology organizations into idealized versions of their workplaces. Accounting for the constitutive role of repair work in Tech for Good projects is critical for future design justice efforts.</p>2022-10-14T16:40:39-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19691Russian Popular Geopolitics During Crisis and War2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Yasemin Y. Celikkolyasemin.celikkol@northwestern.edu<p>Turkish television series are a global sensation, and concurrently, targets of bans, boycotts, and protests. In Russia, Turkish series are countered with Russian television productions, promoted as disclosing truths about Turkey that are absent in Turkish series. A multimodal discourse analysis of <em>East/West</em> and <em>Eastern Wives</em> from a critical geopolitics perspective reveals Russian geo/political agenda in spaces of popular culture: It discursively positions Turkey as backward <em>East</em>, Russia as progressive <em>West</em>, and Ukraine as Russian territory. The Russian productions weaponize culture and deploy Islamophobic tropes to deter women from romantic pursuits in Muslim-majority countries. They are timely: Rising Russian conservatism exacerbates gender inequality and threatens Slavic Russian demography, as Russian women increasingly marry foreigners and migrate abroad. The productions also endeavor to mitigate anti-Russian public opinion in Ukraine and tame Turkish soft power in Russia, Ukraine, and Central Asia toward Russian neo-Eurasianist objectives. </p>2022-10-14T16:38:11-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19520Anger Yes, Boycott No: Third-Person Effects and the China–U.S. Trade War2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Ven-hwei Lolovenhwei@hkbu.edu.hkLiangwen Kuolwkuo@sjtu.edu.cnRan Weiranwei@cuhk.edu.hkZongya Lilzy901014@sina.com<p>The study examines the perceptual and behavioral effects of news about the ongoing China–U.S. trade war. Results of a survey of 1,047 respondents sampled in China showed that they believed news about the trade war would impact others more than themselves. Moreover, exposure to the news on social media was found to be a stronger correlate of perceived effects of such news on oneself and on others than exposure to traditional media. Other factors that accounted for the perceived effects on oneself and others included nationalism and negative emotions. That is, the higher the nationalist sentiments, the less perceived effects of the news on oneself and on others; however, the more the respondents felt outraged and upset by such news, the more they viewed themselves and other Chinese like them as being influenced by the news. Finally, perceived effects of the trade war news on oneself turned out to be a significant but negative predictor of support for the Chinese government trade policy response and likelihood of boycotting of U.S. goods. </p>2022-10-14T16:35:22-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19473Ego-Network Difference, Political Communication, and Affective Polarization During Political Contention2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Francis L. F. Leefrancis_lee@cuhk.edu.hk<p>This study examines the implications of ego-network difference, understood as the presence of (perceived) political disagreement between a person and people in his or her social network, on affective polarization in the context of a contentious protest movement. Based on arguments from contact theory and the literature on the influence of interpersonal political discussions, this study tests a series of hypotheses about how ego-network difference shapes extents of interpersonal political discussion, amount of cross-cutting exposure, and attitude toward the political outgroup. Analysis of survey data in Hong Kong shows that ego-network difference is related to lower levels of interpersonal political discussions, higher levels of cross-cutting exposure, and lower levels of affective polarization. It undermines negative attitude toward the political outgroup both directly and indirectly through reducing interpersonal discussions, though not through cross-cutting exposure. Moreover, ego-network difference weakens the relationship between interpersonal discussion and polarization. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed. </p>2022-10-14T16:31:25-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19222The Impact of Digital Media on Daily Rhythms: Intrapersonal Diversification and Interpersonal Differentiation2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Yixin Zhouyixinzhou2-c@my.cityu.edu.hkJonathan J. H. Zhuj.zhu@cityu.edu.hk<p class="Paragraph">Digital media are popularly regarded as one of the central identifiers of postmodern life. However, systematic examinations that address how digital media and their development affect lives and contribute to social change are lacking. To address this issue, we used two national representative samples from 2000 and 2015 (comprising 5,375 and 4,134 people, respectively). We constructed a sequence of daily activity rhythms based on diary surveys and assessed the influence of computer and mobile phone accessibility and use. The results showed that (1) digital media increased intrapersonal diversification and interpersonal differentiation across the years although variations existed regarding media modalities, media accessibility and usage, and time frame; (2) computers had a stronger effect than mobile phones; and (3) actual media use time had a direct influence on the allocation of daily activities. These findings reveal a media effect on daily activity rhythms, a form of what this study calls “postmodern transformation.” </p>2022-10-14T16:28:08-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18890Social Media Use and Political Consumerism During the U.S.-China Trade Conflict: An Application of the O-S-R-O-R Model2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Yanqin Luylu@bgsu.eduTanja Vierrethertvierrether@rollins.eduQianxi Wuqwu@bgsu.eduMorgan Durfeemdurfee@bgsu.eduPeiqin Chenpeiqinchen@shisu.edu.cnDrawing on a national survey conducted among American adults, this study focuses on the trade dispute between the United States and China and explores the mechanisms underlying the relationship between social media news consumption and political consumerism (i.e., boycotting and buycotting). Consistent with the Orientation-Stimulus-Reasoning-Orientation-Response (O-S-R-O-R) model, the findings reveal that social media news consumption (Stimulus) is indirectly associated with political consumerism (Response) via opinion expression (Reasoning) and supportive attitudes toward tariffs imposed on China (second Orientation) are directly related to engagement in political consumerism. This study contributes to the theory building of the O-S-R-O-R model and discusses the implications for the role of social media engagement in public opinion formation about foreign policy issues.2022-10-14T16:23:09-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18816Testing Risk Information Seeking and Avoidance in the Context of HPV Vaccination: A Comparison of Disease Risks and Vaccine-Related Risks2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Soo Jung Hongcnmhsj@nus.edu.sgYungwook Kimkimyw@ewha.ac.kr<p class="ANAbstract">This study investigates the procedures for risk information seeking and avoidance among South Korean female college students in the context of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination by adopting the Planned Risk Information Seeking Model (PRISM). Structural equation modeling and a percentile bootstrap method were employed to analyze the data. Several relationships hypothesized in PRISM were significant in the contexts of both HPV risk and vaccine-related risk. The extended PRISM with the outcome of avoidance intentions yielded results that were similar to the original PRISM regarding both HPV risk and vaccine risk. However, a few differences were found across contexts (i.e., HPV risk vs. vaccine risk) and model types (i.e., extended vs. nonextended). The findings have theoretical and practical implications for future research on the (extended) PRISM, which predicts both seeking intent and avoidance intentions in the context of vaccination.</p>2022-10-14T16:14:51-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18760Job Satisfaction and Social Media Use: Cognitive Reflection and Journalists’ Utilization in Egypt and the United States2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Rasha El-Ibiaryrousha@aucegypt.eduBrian Calfanocalfanbn@ucmail.uc.edu<p>Studies demonstrate that “social media use” is positively correlated with “employees’ job performance” and positive mediating effect. Using a comparative approach between journalists’ job satisfaction in Egypt and the United States, this article analyzes social media use through different variables including the political system, media freedom, level of journalistic training and professionalism, media regulations, and media ownership patterns. As opposed to the notion of media freedom and professionalism applied in the United States and elsewhere, the tight media environment in Egypt, especially digital media, has pushed journalists to depend more on social media. Building on the literature on social media use in journalistic workflow, we (1) apply social exchange theory assumptions of relative job satisfaction as a motivator to engage social media in journalism practice, (2) use a questions-as-treatment survey embedded experiment to isolate and prime consideration aspects of one’s job to test for a direct priming effect on reported social media use, and (3) compare social media use across comparative media systems (i.e., Egypt and the United States). </p>2022-10-14T16:09:37-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18004Imagining 5G Networks: Infrastructure and Public Accountability2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Robin Mansellr.e.mansell@lse.ac.ukJean-Christophe Plantinj.plantin1@lse.ac.uk<p>This study explores the social imaginaries influencing choices about the architectural design and standards for the 5G mobile network to identify how the network level of the communication infrastructure is implicated in the commercial datafication process. We focus on ambitions to establish global market leadership in the provision of the 5G infrastructure. Based on a multimethod analysis of documentation, press coverage, and a case study of 5G’s radio access network standardization, the analysis provides insight into contradictions within a dominant digital innovation social imaginary that privileges national or regional economic 5G strategies and externalizes risks and threats around 5G networks to foreign actors (mainly China). It also shows how public values, including privacy and freedom from surveillance, as well as transparent public accountability, characteristics of an alternative social imaginary of digital innovation, are suppressed in the process of materializing a new communication infrastructure. </p>2022-10-12T18:47:01-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17792Mediatized Skill: How Capabilities With Application Software Are Collectively Performed, Perceived, and Organized as Part of Contemporary Media Practices2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Frédérik Lesageflesage@sfu.ca<p>By combining elements from theories of media practice, genre, and mediatization, I argue that perceiving, performing, and organizing skills are interwoven with media, and such interweaving has important implications for the practical politics of contemporary media practices. In the first section, I outline a conceptual framework for investigating mediatized skills by focusing on three interrelated factors: mediation, genrefication, and mediatization. In the second section, I apply this framework to a case study of YouTubing Photoshop. Through an analysis of the findings, I show how photoshopping can be understood as a <em>mediatized skill </em>in which various capabilities are performed with tools, technologies, and symbolic content that typify a certain kind of skill and skillful actor. In the concluding discussion, I argue that paying attention to mediatized skills can not only help to better understand what capabilities are valued in media practices that involve application software but also identify alternative genres that expand and diversify <em>who and what digital media are for</em>. </p>2022-10-12T18:44:26-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17146Older Adults and “the Biggest Lie on the Internet”: From Ignoring Social Media Policies to the Privacy Paradox2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Jonathan A. Obarjaobar@yorku.caAnne Oeldorf-Hirschanne.oeldorf-hirsch@uconn.edu<p class="ANAbstract">Older adults (50+) may self-report online privacy concerns and claims of protective behaviors, but what happens when actual privacy behaviors are assessed? An experimental survey (<em>N</em> = 500) evaluated older adult engagement with the online consent process for a fictitious social networking service called NameDrop. Results demonstrate 77.6% chose the clickwrap, agreeing to the privacy policy (PP) without accessing it. For those accessing policies, average PP reading time was about 70 seconds, 81.4 seconds for terms of service (TOS). Participants convey an interest in protections but find policies long, complicated, and impeding a desire to join services quickly. Results also suggest two examples of the privacy paradox: for clickwrap use and for policy reading time. To address these ignoring behaviors, digital service providers should offer support by addressing problematic designs like clickwraps and long/complicated policies. Findings emphasize implications as 91.4% of participants accepted the NameDrop PP, which included data collection/sharing “gotcha” clauses, while 83.4% accepted the TOS, including an extreme clause requiring users to provide a kidney or other “redundant organ” in exchange for service.</p>2022-10-12T18:40:01-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16664Gender-Based Hate Speech: Contributions to the Global Policy Debate From Latin America2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Paulina Godineza11729470@unet.univie.ac.atStephanie Ricosparicocamargo@gmail.comKatharine Sarikakiskatharine.sarikakis@univie.ac.at<p>Against the background of a global, yet unsettled, debate about what hate speech is and whether and how to regulate it, driven predominantly by European governance actors, this article provides a closer examination of the experiences of Latin America in pursuing policy, regulatory, and legislative answers. The study focuses on gender-based hate speech because this intersects with global questions of human rights, as well as local historical and legal contexts. The article demonstrates the reluctant approach to the regulation of hate speech through the study of policy initiatives by the state and policy considerations by civil society (CS) actors in Colombia and Guatemala, through semistructured interviews with CS organizations and the analysis of 19 policy milestones. Partly in contrast to the European approach, <em>prejudice speech</em> is considered a term that better reflects sociocultural contexts and responsibility vis-à-vis a narrow focus on individual “bad behavior.” </p>2022-10-12T18:36:58-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19728Why Do Fact-Checking Organizations Go Beyond Fact-Checking? A Leap Toward Media and Information Literacy Education2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Mehmet Fatih Çömlekçifatihcomlekci@gmail.com<p class="Default">This study aims to investigate why a remarkable number of fact-checking organizations go beyond “fact-checking” and directly involve Media and Information Literacy (MIL) initiatives and delve into their practices, strategies, and challenges. A qualitative research design was adopted via interviews combined with online observations conducted between January and October 2021, with 12 practitioners from 8 different organizations around the world. Fact-checkers aim to inoculate the public against false information flow and build resilience via educational strategies. They also work within the educational system and mobilize volunteer teachers as proxies to disseminate the knowledge to a wider public. The results indicated that when fact-checking organizations involve educational projects with a politically neutral stance, they attract funds from NGOs, tech companies, and sometimes from governments. Thus, it brings an opportunity to widen the social reach and strengthen their separate education departments by employing more educators and translators. </p>2022-09-25T12:41:19-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19354Press “Taboos” and Media Policy: West German Trade Unions and the Urge to Gain Media Attention During the Era of Press Concentration2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Maria Löblichmaria.loeblich@fu-berlin.deNiklas Venemavenema@uni-leipzig.de<p>In view of an increasing economic concentration in the press sector in the 1960s, media policy discourses on regulation emerged in the Federal Republic of Germany as in other Western countries. Drawing on the theories of mediatization and discursive institutionalism, the study analyzes how the German Journalists’ Union engaged in these discourses. The analyses of archival materials and published sources for the period between 1962 and 1979 reveal that the umbrella organization German Trade Union Confederation remained hesitant about larger public initiatives for media policy. The organization considered its own trade union press and public relations as responses to a media environment characterized by press concentration. The Journalists’ Union also adhered to these ideational rules but got strongly engaged in the media policy debates. Therefore, the Journalists’ Union did not only pursue its own interests but also dealt with the general media attention problem that trade unions perceived to have.</p>2022-09-25T12:38:35-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18961Localizing Graphic Design in a Global Media Environment: A Visual Social Semiotic Analysis of Vogue2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Melissa McMullenmmcmulle@trinity.edu<p>The contemporary media landscape is characterized by a complex tension between global and local influences, more accurately labeled as glocalization. Although this broad topic has been discussed extensively, the current study more narrowly focused on the localization of printed graphic design within the international women’s magazine <em>Vogue</em>. A visual social semiotic analysis was used to compare and analyze the design of four print editions of <em>Vogue</em> from the United States, China, Mexico, and France. This analysis served to describe the semiotic resources (the design elements of type, image, color, and layout) used throughout the magazines. It revealed a combination of global and local semiotic strategies that visually connected and also separated each local edition from the larger <em>Vogue</em> brand. Finally, the analysis helped to interrogate the relationship between cultural localization of graphic design and the global media environment. </p>2022-09-25T12:35:41-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18585Representation and Recognition: The Perceptions of Finnish and Spanish Viewers of Their Media Ecosystems and Public Service Newscasts2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00María Lamuedra Gravánmlamuedra@us.esElisa Alonsoelialonso@upo.esMarko Ala-Fossimarko.ala-fossi@tuni.fi<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">he media play a strategic role in representing reality in representative liberal democracies, currently considered in crisis, precisely owing to the shortcomings in institutional and media representations. These representations play a particularly important role in building citizenship, an essential aspect of democratic health, and particularly relevant when democracy is challenged. While the representation of minorities in the news has already attracted some academic attention, its broad implications for the public at large require further study. This article delves into the effect of news media representations on the recognition of citizens, the promotion of their voice, and their capacity to consent. This is explored comparatively in two information ecosystems with different structural dimensions, adapting Hallin and Mancini’s framework. An analysis of the discourse of Spanish and Finnish citizens with different profiles was performed, particularly as regards the role of the newscasts of their respective public service broadcasters (TVE and YLE). The results show that public service-oriented journalism and media representations contribute to the sustenance of the social identity formation of the citizenry.</span></p>2022-09-25T12:26:49-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18108Extending the Reminiscence Bump Effect in Nostalgic Advertising from the United States to South Korea2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Ilyoung Jujui@bgsu.eduEunjin (Anna) Kimeunjink@usc.eduSusan Bluckbluck@ufl.eduJong Woo Junjwjun@dankook.ac.krResearch has suggested that advertisements framed in reference to the reminiscence bump (i.e., adolescent and early adulthood years) are more effective than advertisements that focused on other periods within a U.S. sample. The current study examines whether the bump effect varies across culture (the United States vs. South Korea). Using a 3 (time frames: bump advertisements, non-bump past advertisements, present-focused advertisements) × 2 (nations: the U.S. and South Korean participants) between-subjects design, our results showed that the effectiveness of the reminiscence bump-framed advertisements was not affected by nations. Across the United States and South Korea, the reminiscence bump-framed advertisements elicited a greater feeling of positive nostalgia, more positive attitude toward the advertisement, and stronger purchase intention. In addition, the positively evoked nostalgia mediated the effect of the bump-framed advertising on both ad attitude and purchase intention.2022-09-25T12:23:59-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18018Sincerity Over Accuracy: Epistemic Preferences and the Persuasiveness of Uncivil and Simple Rhetoric2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Chiara Vargiuchiara.vargiu@unil.chAlessandro Naia.nai@uva.nl<p class="ANAbstract">This study investigates the preregistered assumption that the persuasiveness of uncivil and simplified political messages is a function of individual epistemic preferences for sincerity rather than accuracy. We argue that individuals preferring sincerity over accuracy are more likely to perceive such messages as more emotionally sincere and thus be persuaded by them. We experimentally tested this on a convenience sample of U.S. respondents (MTurk, <em>N </em>= 424), manipulating exposure to persuasive messages characterized by either a low (uncivil/simplified) or a high (civil/elaborate) political style. As hypothesized, persuasiveness was a function of political style and, marginally, of PES. However, contrary to our expectations, a low political style decreased persuasion by decreasing the PES of the sponsor. Furthermore, this effect was independent of epistemic preferences. An exploratory analysis indicated that it was how respondents perceived the argument (rather than the sponsor) that mediated the relationship between political style and persuasion. Furthermore, political ideology significantly moderated the effect of political style. </p>2022-09-25T12:20:28-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19874Media and Grassroots Activism for the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals: A Study of Postcolonial Macau From 2002 to 20212022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Min Xuxumin@dhu.edu.cn<p class="ANAbstract"><a name="_Hlk110606640"></a>In the background of increasing concerns over the various threats to sustainable development, grassroots movements for the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) are on the rise worldwide. Existing research has confirmed the positive co-relations between media attention and the success of activism as the former can bring along substantial mobilization resources to the activists. However, not much is known about how the news media frame the protests against threats to the achievement of SDGs. To fill the gap, this study has sampled and analyzed 810 news items on protests against threats to SDGs by news organizations in the postcolonial Macau of China over 19 years, from 2002 to 2021. In particular, the study investigates how the news framing of the protests evolved through the years. The findings show that the news media consider the protests less radical over the years with the protesters focused more on the political issues related to the 17 SDGs. Such findings suggest that the media stance was the driving force for the marginalization of the protests.</p><p> </p>2022-09-13T17:07:13-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19641Comparative Perspectives on the Link Between News Media Consumption and Attitudes Toward Immigrants: Evidence From Europe, the United States, and Colombia2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00David De Coninckdavid.deconinck@kuleuven.beWillem Joriswillem.joris@kuleuven.beMaria Duquemariaduque@utexas.eduSeth J. Schwartzseth.schwartz@austin.utexas.eduLeen d'Haenensleen.dhaenens@kuleuven.beIn recent years, attitudes toward immigrants have been negative among the populations in Europe and the Americas. One of the forces shaping these attitudes is exposure to news media. Public and commercial news media, operating in different media systems, frame immigrants in different ways and influence attitudes toward immigrants. In this study, we analyzed how news media consumption is associated with individuals’ attitudes toward immigrants in a large sample of the adult population in seven European countries, the United States, and Colombia (N = 13,645). Findings indicate that consumers of predominantly public television and websites of quality news outlets tend to hold positive attitudes, whereas viewers of predominantly commercial television hold negative attitudes in several countries. Heavy television viewing is linked to more negative attitudes, whereas heavy (digital) newspaper consumption is linked to positive attitudes. These findings are discussed in light of the countries’ media systems and recent migration patterns.2022-09-13T17:04:17-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19027The Rear Window Effect: How Users Respond to Political Discussions and Persuasive Discourses in Social Media2022-11-30T04:59:58-08:00Beatriz Jordájordabeatriz@gmail.comManuel Goyanesmgoyanes@hum.uc3m.es<p class="ANAbstract">Social media facilitates the exposure of individuals to a wide range of political discussions and opinions. Extant research investigated how citizens participate in these deliberative behaviors and their implications for democratic citizenship, paying scant attention to users’ avoidance tactics. In this study, we further investigate individuals’ perceptions and attitudes toward the political discussions they encounter on social media, and toward their influence on their political opinion (i.e., persuasion). Based on in-depth interviews with 30 Spanish social media users, we show how online political discussions trigger what we conceptualize as the <em>rear window</em><em> effect</em>, a metaphor drawn from Alfred Hitchcock’s film <em>Rear Window</em> that encapsulates the exceptional circumstances under which users take a stand and express their political views online. We also show that users manage to effectively persuade by posting about their experiences and personal narratives. This study contributes to extant literature by theorizing about users’ common reluctance to be politically active on social media, the rationales that shape their sporadic participation, and the mechanisms by which they are persuaded.</p>2022-09-13T17:00:57-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18972From Fork Hands to Microchips: An Analysis of Trending #CovidVaccine Content on TikTok2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Monique Lewisdrmoniquelewis@gmail.comSusan Granthams.grantham@griffith.edu.au<p>TikTok has grown in popularity and has become a platform where users engage with information about COVID-19 in diverse and playful ways. As of July 2021, TikTok videos posted with the hashtag #CovidVaccine collectively received more than 1.4B views, making it the most prominent COVID-related hashtag on TikTok. This study investigates the discourse about COVID-19 vaccination on TikTok by analyzing 100 top TikTok videos that used the hashtag #CovidVaccine. The findings show an overwhelming number of the trending videos were created by citizens who did not identify themselves as professionals or experts, with a low contribution from mega-influencers compared with other influencer types. Content was largely positive in tone toward COVID-19 vaccines, with neutral videos less prominent, offering an agnostic tone about the vaccines. This study highlights some of the challenges and opportunities facing health communicators who seek to better understand TikTok and its audiences and find creative ways to communicate vaccine advocacy on such a pathos-centric, ambiguous platform. </p>2022-09-13T16:57:21-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18711Engagement in Newspaper Newsrooms: A View From the Editors in Chief2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Cristóbal Benavidescbenavides@uandes.clAlfonso Varaavara@unav.eduAlfonso Sánchez-Taberneroastabernero@unav.eduJuan-Ignacio Britojbrito@uandes.cl<p class="ANAbstract">In this article, we analyze how news media editors approach the management of their audiences’ engagement, specifically detecting how they define engagement and what they comprehend about this concept. The article also establishes whether working on deeper and more qualitative knowledge allows news media editors to better understand and connect with their audience. Additionally, this work seeks to identify, through 16 interviews in Chile and Spain, the editors’ perceptions about how all this can influence decision making within the newsroom. Results show that although editors perceive that engagement is a useful tool to better understand users, they do not make concrete managerial decisions to achieve that goal.</p>2022-09-13T16:54:35-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18375“Let’s Check it Seriously”: Localizing Fact-Checking Practice in China2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Yusi Liuliuyusi@zju.edu.cnRuiming Zhouzhouruiming@zju.edu.cn<p align="left">This study explores emerging fact-checking service in China and how it operates in China’s context. News articles from <em>Fact Check</em>, the first fact-checker in China, are analyzed in comparison with <em>PolitiFact</em> in the United States (<em>N</em> = 379). Results show that fact-checking in China, in its start-up phase, pursues a weakened form, concentrates on health issues, and avoids discussion of hardcore public issues such as political, economic, and other current affairs. Despite journalists and various specialists making efforts on fact-checking items, it exposes the inadequate, fragmented even distorted journalistic culture in China’s fact-checking practice. Further studies can employ qualitative approaches to get insights into how fact-checking practitioners perceive this news genre in authoritarian China at a mesolevel. </p>2022-09-13T16:51:02-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19479Journalistic Roles and News Framing: A Comparative Framing Analysis of COVID-19 Pandemic Across China, South Korea, and the United States2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Bin Chenbin.chen@utexas.eduGyo Hyun Koogkoo@utexas.edu<p class="ANAbstract">Drawing on the latest Worlds of Journalism report, this study identifies the perceived roles of Chinese, Korean, and American journalists and examines the relationship between these role perceptions and the news frames used during COVID-19. Among the various frames, we looked at which frame was used more in each country (frame prevalence) and how those frames were used (framing valence). Based on a content analysis of the news articles (<em>N</em> = 749), we found that Chinese journalists were more likely to use a frame that reassures people but less likely to emphasize uncertainty or conflict. Although South Korean and American journalists share similar role perceptions, Korean journalists used significantly fewer conflict and uncertainty frames than American journalists. When using consequence and action frames, Chinese media was more likely than Korean and American media to present stories positively. The implications of the findings are discussed.</p><p> </p>2022-08-19T16:14:01-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19269Brands Are Human on Social Media: The Effectiveness of Human Tone-of-Voice on Consumer Engagement and Purchase Intentions Through Social Presence2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Hyun Ju Jeonghyunju.jeong@uky.eduDeborah S. Chungdchung@uky.eduJihye Kimjihye.kim@uky.edu<p>Drawing on social presence theory, this experimental research investigates how personified tone-of-voice that brands frequently employ for their social media interactions can increase consumer intention of brand engagement and purchase. Results show that casual human tone-of-voice is more likely to generate consumer perception of being socially present with brands than traditional corporate tone-of-voice. Furthermore, human (vs. corporate) tone-of-voice leads to greater intention to engage with brands, and this is fully mediated by consumer perception of social presence with brands. Additionally, consumer intention to engage with brands positively influences their intention to purchase the brands. These findings highlight that humanized brand communications influence consumers’ brand endorsement by shaping brand personas that are socially present in interactive communications between consumers and brands. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed with specific references to brand communication strategies on social media. </p>2022-08-19T16:11:43-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18835Whose Voices Count?: Sourcing U.S. American Television News About the World2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00David C. Ohdoh@ramapo.eduOmotayo O. Banjobanjooo@ucmail.uc.eduNancy A. Jenningsjenninna@ucmail.uc.edu<p class="ANAbstract">The current study examines the extent to which U.S. coverage of world news events relies on White and Western sources as well as the role that journalists’ race, story type, and interview type have in the selection of news sources. Furthermore, this study examines whether such sourcing biases exist across commercial and public networks, namely ABC, NBC, CBS, and PBS. Relying on a critical media effects approach, we drew connections between indexing theory and critical race and postcolonial studies to conduct a content analysis of more than 200 news stories and more than 600 sources in 2019 and 2020. The findings reveal significantly more sources from Western countries than non-Western countries in the coverage of international news stories with some variance with reporters, story type, and network type. Implications of the disproportionate presence of Western sources are further discussed.</p><p> </p>2022-08-19T16:08:16-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18797Visualizing Politics in Indonesia: The Design and Distribution of Election Posters2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Colm A. Foxcolmfox@smu.edu.sgWhere studies have shown that visuals are the primary means of political communication, research continues to focus largely on text-based information. To add to our understanding of visual-political communications, this article analyses Indonesian election posters since the 1950s. Drawing on historical materials and on a content analysis of 4,000 election posters, it asks why election posters have been designed and distributed in particular ways. Findings indicate that in the past, posters used singular, though powerful, social symbols to mobilize demographic groups behind political parties. However, contemporary posters are more visually complex and more candidate-centered, making arguments as to what the candidates represent. Furthermore, although the wide distribution of posters has always been used to signify strength, the number of posters has proliferated in recent elections. These trends can be explained by underlying social forces, advances in technology, institutional reforms, and the identities and types of parties and candidates.2022-08-19T16:05:22-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18436Toward an Employee Communication Mediation Model: Exploring the Effects of Social Media Engagement on Employee–Organization Relationships and Advocacy2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Yuan Wangyuan.wang@cityu.edu.hkYang Chengycheng20@ncsu.eduWilliam J. Gonzenbachgonzen@retiree.ua.edu<p class="ANAbstract">Grounded in the framework of the communication mediation model, this study examined the impacts of employees’ organizational identification and social media engagement on their relationships with their organization and advocacy behavior through a national survey of employees working at large organizations in China. The current study found that employees’ organizational identification significantly affects their social media engagement and perceived relationships with their organization. It also documented that social media engagement has a positive impact on favorable employee–organization relationships (EORs), which influence employee advocacy. Furthermore, social media engagement and EORs were identified as mediators to explain how the influence flows from organizational identification to EORs and that from social media engagement to advocacy. This study is a pioneering study to apply the communication mediation model to the public relations field and proposes the employee communication mediation model to enrich public relations theories. Its results have practical implications for Chinese organizations.</p>2022-08-19T16:02:48-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18201Evaluating the Influence of Metaphor in News on Foreign-Policy Support2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Kathleen Ahrenskathleen.ahrens@polyu.edu.hkChristian Burgersc.f.burgers@uva.nlYin Zhonglcyinzhong@ust.hk<p class="Abstract">Metaphors are often used for presenting government policy to the general public in news, but the degree to which metaphors affect evaluation of such policies is not well understood. We conducted three between-subjects experiments (<em>N</em><sub>experiment</sub><sub>-1<em> </em></sub>= 331; <em>N</em><sub>experiment</sub><sub>-2<em> </em></sub>= 301; <em>N</em><sub>experiment</sub><sub>-3<em> </em></sub>= 608), in which participants read news items about foreign policies. News items contained either (a) novel metaphors, (b) conventional metaphors, or (c) literal controls. Results demonstrated that novel metaphors increased cognitive text perceptions, which led participants to evaluate proposed policies more favorably in a longer passage (Experiment 1) but not in a shorter passage with a larger percentage of metaphors (Experiments 2 and 3). By contrast, Experiments 2 and 3 showed a sequential indirect effect of novel metaphors (vs. controls) through perceived novelty and affective text perceptions on policy support. These results demonstrate that novel metaphors are helpful to readers processing texts about new topics as they draw attention to the language with their novelty, but remain familiar enough to generate positive affect. </p>2022-08-19T15:59:57-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19618Influence of Fake News Exposure on Perceived Media Bias: The Moderating Role of Party Identity2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Alberto Ardèvol-Abreuaardevol@ull.es<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="color: windowtext;">The phenomenon of fake news encompasses fabricated news-like content, but also the circulation of fake news-related narratives, and the (mis)use of the label to denigrate legitimate media. Building on this interdependent system of meanings, this article uses two-wave U.S. survey data (<em>N</em><sub>W1</sub> = 1,338; <em>N</em><sub>W2</sub> = 511) to examine the possible influence of (self-assessed) exposure to fake news content on general perceptions of media bias. The study also tested the moderating effects of party identity and strength of partisanship on the relationship between (self-assessed) fake news exposure and media bias perceptions. The results provide (a) strong support for (self-assessed) fake news exposure as a positive predictor of general perceptions of media bias (in cross-sectional, lagged, and autoregressive analyses) and (b) weak support for an interaction effect between (self-assessed) fake news exposure and Republican party identification on general evaluations of media bias (not robust across models).</span></p>2022-08-13T16:23:10-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19514“Pivoting to Instability”: Metajournalistic Discourse, Reflexivity and the Economics and Effects of a Shrinking Industry2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Patrick Ferruccipatrick.ferrucci@colorado.eduMichelle Rossimichell.rossi@colorado.edu<p>Since 2007, the field of journalism in the United States experienced what some might call a consistent and never-ending stream of layoffs. While research in journalism studies attempts to explain this labor precarity, this study uses metajournalistic discourse to understand how the field itself explains the reasons behind layoffs and the effects they have. This study found that while the industry acknowledges that layoffs negatively affect the quality of news, it lacks any semblance of reflexivity through blaming all financial issues facing the field on factors outside of journalism. The article ends by theorizing what this means for the practice moving forward, and how a lack of reflexivity potentially makes it significantly difficult for journalists to improve practice. </p>2022-08-13T16:20:43-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19264Affective Networked Space: Polymedia Affordances and Transnational Digital Communication Among the Rohingya Diaspora2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Abdul Aziza5.aziz@hdr.qut.edu.au<p class="ANAbstract">This study explores the intersection of affect, affordance, and agency of the Rohingya diaspora in maintaining the everyday transnational digital communication in a context of prolonged displacement and genocide. Drawing on a qualitative multi-sited research approach, I interviewed 25 Rohingya diaspora living in the Cox’s Bazar refugee camps in Bangladesh and in Brisbane, Australia. The findings show how affordances of technologies have facilitated affective practice that underpins the digital spaces to negotiate protracted experiences of sufferings. I develop the idea of “affective networked space” to unpack how the participatory digital connections have created a new avenue that acts as an alternative space to compensate the absence of Rohingya script and physical presence and play affective roles from disseminating (re)sources of information to everyday transnational communication. I argue that although transnational connectivity is formed with affordance of digital (poly)media, “affective networked space” is not only infused with pain, love, and intimacy, but also imbued with the affective politics of collective sufferings, solidarity, and identity negotiation.</p>2022-08-13T16:28:06-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19073Mapping the Global Audiences of Russia’s Domestic News: How Social Networks Function as Transmitters of Authoritarian News to Foreign Audiences2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Julia Klingjulia.kling@uni-passau.de<p>In this study, I investigated the foreign Facebook audiences of Russia’s most influential domestic news outlets (<em>n</em> = 50) with regard to the presence of criticism toward the political elite (nonleadership-critical, leadership-critical). Accordingly, I triangulated two Facebook application programming interfaces that have rarely been used in communication research. Findings demonstrate that, as of January 24, 2022–February 23, 2022, 40% of the outlets attract more than half of their Facebook audience abroad. The largest audiences are found (1) in the post-Soviet region, hence, in countries with high geographical and language proximity, and (2) for nonleadership-critical news outlets. This study is politically relevant, as it shows how Facebook primarily functions as a transmission channel of Russian state-aligned news to foreign audiences. </p>2022-08-13T16:15:30-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19010Thirty Years After the German Reunification—Exploring Stereotypes About East Germans on Twitter2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Maximilian Zehringmaximilian.zehring@tu-ilmenau.deEmese Domahidiemese.domahidi@tu-ilmenau.de<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="color: windowtext;">Although further social category thinking on social media might harm the German democratic public sphere, the stereotyping of East Germans on social media has been under-researched so far. We combined computational text analysis and manual content analysis on <em>N</em> = 106,616 tweets to investigate the area of society to which the stereotypes apply, the kind of threat East Germans are described as, and what exact stereotypes exist. We show that stereotypic tweets about East Germans are relatively rare. East Germans are portrayed as a general political threat and are attributed right-wing attitudes, socioeconomic marginalization, and negative behaviors. The contextual stereotypes we found are in line with previous studies investigating traditional media and suggest that different groups, like Saxons, recur as targets of political stereotypes, depending on the events taking place. Practical implications of the results are discussed.</span></p>2022-08-13T16:13:07-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18695Mediatization Research and Causality: Toward a Critical Realist Ontology2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Sebastián Ansaldosansaldo@gmail.comMediatization research has been identified as an influential new approach in media and communication studies. However, being a theory of change, a proper discussion about causality and its correlated ontology foundations must be fundamental. This theoretical work builds on the idea that much of the shortcomings of mediatization research might be attributed to a lack of an explicit ontological discussion. The article reflects on causality and on the influence of constructionism in mediatization research, which might imply explanations based on a flat reality. Considering that a proper theorization of social ontology should be fundamental and that others have argued for a complementary meta-theory to operationalize mediatization research, this article argues that specific features of critical realism could be helpful in developing better tools to deal with the questions that mediatization research tries to answer. Some of those features include an emphasis on ontological discussion, the theorization of causal powers and emergent properties, the advantages of analytical dualism in the relationship between agency and structure, and the mediatory importance of reflexivity and internal conversations.2022-08-13T16:10:58-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18441Making the COVID-19 Pandemic Visible: The Power of Grassroots Mapping Initiatives2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Adriana de Souza e Silvaaasilva@ncsu.edu<p>Since March 2020, digital maps have been used around the world to spatially display COVID-19 cases and deaths. Some of these maps aggregate official government data, and others are built with user-generated content. Particularly in low-income communities, where residents do not have proper access to tests, user-generated maps help people understand the scope of the pandemic. Two examples of grassroots initiatives that use maps to make the pandemic visible are <em>Conexão Saúde</em> (Health Connection) and <em>Painel Unificador COVID-19 nas Favelas </em>(Unified COVID-19 Slums Dashboard). Both were developed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, one of the countries with the highest number of COVID-19 deaths per capita in the world. This study describes the implementation of these initiatives, considering how networked grassroots approaches can be effective in locally mapping and managing a pandemic. The findings reveal that the interconnection among mobile platforms, community leaders, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are critical sociotechnical assemblages that help manage a public health crisis that would otherwise remain invisible to the world.</p>2022-08-13T16:08:37-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18306Consumptive News Feed Curation on Social Media: A Moderated Mediation Model of News Interest, Affordance Utilization, and Friending2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Yan Suyan.su1@outlook.comXizhu Xiaoxizhu.xiao@foxmail.comPorismita Borahporismita@gmail.comXin Hong2010210753@stu.pku.edu.cnChang Sunsunchang@stu.pku.edu.cn<p class="ANAbstract">This study analyzed a survey sample from China and investigated how (1) news interest, (2) affordance utilization, and (3) friending were associated with consumptive news feed curation (CNFC), a practice of selective exposure, as well as the ways in which these associations were mediated and moderated by psychological factors. Findings showed that all 3 factors were positively associated with CNFC. Media locus of control (MLOC), namely, individuals’ beliefs in their ability to control their information environment, was found to be a positive mediator. Namely, the three independent variables led to greater MLOC before facilitating CNFC. Need for cognition (NFC) was a moderator. That is, the main associations became weaker among those with higher NFC, suggesting that people with a stronger preference for analytical and logical information processing were less likely to curate for consumptive purposes. Moderating effect of NFC was also found on the indirect effects of news interest and affordance utilization on CNFC.</p>2022-08-13T16:06:18-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17868The Role of a Bystander in Targets’ Perceptions of Teasing Among Friends: Are You Really Teasing Me?2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Ildo Kimidkim@ucdavis.eduNicholas A. Palomaresnicholas.palomares@austin.utexas.edu<p>Teasing has an inherent potential for ambiguity because of the two opposing goals: to be playful and to be provocative. One means of disambiguation is the presence and reaction of a bystander. Yet, previous studies on teasing have focused on the dyad and less on the influence of a bystander. The present study attempts to examine how the presence and reaction of a bystander can influence targets’ perceptions of teasing between close friends. In particular, the current study predicted teasers’ and targets’ inferred playfulness and provocation teasing goals would impact targets’ responses to their partner’s messages (perceived funniness, hurt feelings, positive face threats, and negative face threats), and that the magnitude of this association would change depending on the presence or absence of a laughing or nonlaughing bystander. Results showed that the association among goals and targets’ perceptions depended on the presence and reaction of a bystander. </p>2022-08-13T16:03:15-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16000Now Dating on Steroids: Play and Nostalgia in the Mediatization of Gay Cruising in the Philippines2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Randy Jay Canillo Solisrcsolis@up.edu.ph<p class="ANAbstract">Gay men’s lives now are increasingly mediatized, with gay cruising transforming from a purely physical encounter to the use of geosocial gadgets, causing relevant social changes, such that some gay men would actually prefer to stay at home to “meet” other men, which in earlier decades would sound preposterous. This study applies the mediatization approach in examining how the emergence of new communication technologies and the changing communicative behaviors of gay men in the Philippines explain the cultural changes within the gay community and implications of societal changes at large. Focus interviews with a total of 36 informants revealed that gay men use digital apps as part of their sociotechnical “infrastructure of sexual encounter” for cruising and that in this process of play, there emerges among the older gay men the nostalgia of the traditional identity of the <em>bakla</em> and practices of <em>pagliligawan</em>.</p>2022-08-13T15:59:39-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19643Mind the Gap! Journalism on Social Media and News Consumption Among Young Audiences2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Jorge Vázquez-Herrerojorge.vazquez@usc.esMaría-Cruz Negreira-Reycruz.negreira@usc.esJosé Sixto-Garcíajose.sixto@usc.es<p class="ANAbstract">Social media have become the main gateway to information for young people, helping to determine and shape the young’s visions of the present, which is also conditioned by news sharing among users. News media are tasked with remaining relevant to these young audiences and are trying to reach the places where they are digitally most active. By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, two perspectives were analyzed in this study. The first was the news use on social media of young Spanish, French, and British people (<em>N</em> = 1,528) aged 18–25. The second was the content dissemination strategies implemented within social networking sites by the 30 most consumed media in these European countries. The results confirm the pre-eminence of social media as channels of information and as alternatives to traditional media, with distributed, incidental consumption throughout the day. Meanwhile, the news media are implementing strategies to get integrated into the platforms that most engage new audiences.</p>2022-07-28T14:48:19-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19451Thematic Analysis and Use of Journalistic Sources in the COVID-19 Crisis: The New York Times, El Universal, and El País2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Itziar Bernaola-Serranoibernaol@hum.uc3m.esGuadalupe Aguado-Guadalupemaguado@hum.uc3m.es<p class="ANAbstract">The present research analyzes topics addressed in relation to COVID-19 and the use of journalistic sources at the beginning of the pandemic, an exceptional situation for newsrooms in which press work routines were substantially modified. For this purpose, a comparative study has been carried out on three leading newspapers: <em>The New York Times</em> (United States), <em>El Universal</em> (Mexico), and <em>El País</em> (Spain). A content analysis of 185 cover pages has revealed that <em>The New York Times</em> and <em>El País</em> focused primarily on the social consequences of the pandemic, while <em>El Universal</em> concentrated on the disease itself. The three newspapers coincide in using a predominance of institutional sources, with government ones being dominant. Sources actively sought by the journalists themselves were in the second position, with experts predominating. News agency information and confidential sources were not significant.</p><p> </p>2022-07-28T14:45:39-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18669Making Money Public: The Journalistic Construction of the Paycheck Protection Program2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Parker Bachpbach@unc.eduLana Swartzlanaswartz@virginia.edu<p class="ANAbstract">The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) was a key component of the United States’ economic policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the related economic crisis, offering forgivable loans to small businesses to aid them in retaining their employees. In this article, we theorize and examine the PPP as a “public money,” performing a mixed-methods analysis of news articles covering the PPP from mainstream and partisan sources between March and July 2020. We focus on three areas of controversy over the PPP in this coverage: the intended beneficiaries of PPP funds, the overlap between PPP and expanded unemployment insurance in paying workers, and the boundaries of which organizations were “small businesses” meriting PPP forgivable loans. We trace how these controversies evolved through continuous redefinition of the core problem of PPP. We demonstrate how journalistic coverage constructs public monies such as the PPP.</p>2022-07-28T14:41:55-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18370American Media, American Mind: Media Impact on Nigerians’ Perceptions2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Omotayo O. Banjobanjooo@uc.eduDirichi Umunnaumunnadi@mail.uc.edu<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Global media effects and audience reception scholarship has dismissed African populations as valuable to knowledge building and theoretical development in the study of media impact. Through a neocolonial lens of cultural imperialism, this study examines the perceived influence of American media on shaping Nigerians’ views of America and their own nation. In addition, this study considers the potential impact of developing Nigerian transnational media industries on how Nigerians see themselves in relation to the United States. Findings reveal a bias toward American media and derision of their own nation comparatively regardless of Nigeria’s transnational success or social media’s presentations of U.S. realities.</span></p>2022-07-28T14:39:06-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17944“She Shoots, He Scores!”: Transgender Disclosure and the Politics of Women’s Ice Hockey2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Jackson McLarentuk96657@temple.edu<p>This article examines the news coverage of transgender hockey players Harrison Browne and Jessica Platt. Using textual and discourse analysis, I explore the dominant themes present in this coverage and how they represent both Browne and Platt. A key finding is that the disclosures of Browne and Platt are informed by and inform the gender politics of women’s hockey. I argue that this coverage does not ultimately challenge the problem of gender segregation in sports as both athletes are reinscribed into the gender binary. However, the coverage represents a potential paradigm shift in how to humanize and empower transgender people when our bodies are talked about in public discourse. Exploratory and balanced news coverage offers a much better way forward than demonizing transgender athletes who are just trying to compete. </p>2022-07-28T14:36:43-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17931Fighting Disinformation in the 1930s: Clyde Miller and the Institute for Propaganda Analysis2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Anya Schiffrinacs76@columbia.edu<p dir="ltr">In the late 1930s, the American journalist Clyde Miller founded the Institute for Propaganda Analysis (IPA) to promote media literacy education. Influential in its day, studying the IPA illuminates debates about the field of communications, the importance of messaging and public opinion, and the politics behind the focus on propaganda. We provide an overview of Miller’s life and examine the IPA’s efforts including publications, community programs, and an anti-racism curriculum, all meant to improve critical thinking skills in individuals and help democracy. We highlight the parallels between the political and media environments of the 1930s and the current proliferation of online mis/disinformation, and bring to light archival material about his dismissal from Columbia University. </p><div><span><br /></span></div>2022-07-28T14:31:29-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17332Does Exposure to Risk Communication About Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) Predict Protective Behaviors? Testing the Moderating Role of Optimistic Bias2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Hongliang Chenhongliangchen@zju.edu.cnDavid Atkindavid.atkin@uconn.eduQike Jiaqikejia@zjut.edu.cn<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Originating at the end of 2019, the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) shocked the world. Drawing on the health belief model, the current study investigates how risk communication influences public perceptions about the disease and adoption of preventive behaviors. Analyzing the data from 1,591 Chinese respondents from 31 provinces in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic, this study found that exposure to media risk communication contributed to lower perceived barriers, which in turn, increased engagement in the uptake of preventive behaviors. Compared with the information released by nongovernment organizations, medical providers, and Internet users, information from government sources exerted greater influence over individuals’ perceptions and behavioral change. Interpersonal risk communication was found to be effective in promoting preventive behaviors. Moreover, optimistic bias moderated the effects of knowledge about COVID-19 and perceived barriers on preventive behaviors. The findings provided implications about how to better engage the public to adopt preventive measures.</span></p>2022-07-28T14:31:41-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19254Media Consumption and Its Influence on Electoral Political Engagement: An Analysis From the Communication Mediation Model in the Context of the 2021 Mexican Federal Election2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Carlos Muñizcarlos.munizm@uanl.mx<p class="ANAbstract">Election campaigns provide a crucial moment in the relationship between political actors and the citizenry, with the media playing a key role in the transmission of relevant political information to the public—an activity that has a bearing on shifts in political attitudes and behaviors. The communication mediation model explains this media influence process as an indirect effect of media consumption on participation through the development of postconsumption orientations and reasoning on the message. Following the model, this article seeks to analyze whether the same process took place during the 2021 Mexican federal election campaign by conducting a two-wave panel survey, with a representative sample of 1,750 participants in the first wave and 596 in the second wave. The findings made it possible to determine how the model manages to explain the effect of political interest on electoral engagement through attention to campaign news and political conversation, both jointly and separately.</p>2022-07-11T18:27:58-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19248What Happens in the Eye of the Storm? News Ideology During Media Storms2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Doron Shultzinerdoronsh@hac.ac.il<p>Media storms are surges of intensive story coverage for an unusual news cycle. As such they are an important phenomenon to study in democracies. News ideology is the tendency to bias media coverage based on partisan interests or ideological orientation. This research is the first to explore the causal nexus between the two phenomena. This article also proposes several hypotheses concerning the strategic partisan behavior of news outlets during media storms. It examines the use of production mechanisms to bias news coverage and conceptualizes two stages within media storms. The data come from two major erupting media storms: the Yellow Vests Movement in France and the Occupy Movement in Israel. Both storms were mass social movements that challenged the political and economic status quo and enjoyed high public approval. The findings suggest the following: Media coverage of the storms was nevertheless affected by news ideology; front page and the sizing of articles were used as emphasizing means; and news ideology crystallized during the height of the media storms. </p>2022-07-11T18:24:54-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18918Sharing Truths About the Self: Theorizing News Reposting on Social Media2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Jueni Duyen Trand.tran@columbia.edu<p>Research indicates that social media users pay limited attention to accuracy when reposting news. If users do not primarily<em> </em>repost to transmit accurate information, what other purpose does this activity serve? This article contributes to the theorization of news sharing by exploring seven affordances enabled by social media’s reposting features, namely <em>visibility</em>, <em>scalability</em>, <em>persistence</em>, <em>association</em>, <em>meta-voicing</em>,<em> interactivity</em>, and <em>immediacy</em>. Taken together, beyond facilitating the spreading of information, these affordances render reposting an effective means for self-presentation similar to Harry Frankfurt’s notion of <em>bullshit</em>. Like bullshitters, reposters are principally concerned with presenting an image of themselves. However, unlike bullshitters, reposters can be deterred by a post’s inaccuracy. Still, because the social media context draws users’ attention to interpersonal connections, accuracy is often not top of mind when making reposting choices. Thus, as platforms no longer serve only social objectives but have also become integral news sources, what is being communicated primarily for self-presentation purposes may inadvertently be perceived for its informational value. Ultimately, this <em>functional context collapse</em> contributes to the (unintended) spreading of misinformation through individual reposting. </p><p> </p>2022-07-11T18:33:43-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18674Disinformation as a Widespread Problem and Vulnerability Factors Toward it: Evidence From a Quasi-Experimental Survey in Spain2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Roberto Gelado-Marcosroberto.geladomarcos@ceu.esPlácido Moreno-Felicesplacido.morenofelices@colaborador.ceu.esBelén Puebla-Martínezbelen.puebla@urjc.es<p class="ANAbstract">In recent years, several institutions have alerted the effects of information disorders while struggling to handle the problem effectively. Our investigation triangulates between qualitative and quantitative approaches: on the one hand, focus groups adapted to the digital landscape (which many have hinted is an environment naturally favoring disinformation) were used; on the other, a quasi<span style="text-transform: uppercase;">-</span>experimental survey was conducted with 4,351 stratified respondents. The results provide evidence<span style="text-transform: uppercase;">-</span>based data that both confirm the widespread nature of vulnerability<span style="text-transform: uppercase;">—</span>more than half of the Spanish population presents a relevant degree of vulnerability toward disinformation—and spot specific groups that may require targeted actions to ease the effects of information disorders.</p>2022-07-11T18:20:01-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18387Purchasing Diversity: A Media Ecology Analysis on the Recruitment of Newspaper Op-ed Columnists2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Nakho Kimnmk5360@psu.eduHo Young Yoonhoyoungyoon@ewha.ac.krThis study examines the dynamics of the overlap and shift of opinion-editorial (op-ed) guest columnists in a single news market. While previous studies have explored the diversity of op-ed columnists within an individual newspaper, we have investigated the dynamics through the ecological framework of market competition. The purpose of this article is to see how newspapers recruit op-ed columnists from the social pool, based on their position in the market. To explore this aspect efficiently, we have chosen the largely self-enclosed newspaper market of South Korea and analyzed longitudinal data on 7 national newspapers in that region. We expected that the market positions and political ideologies would delineate the movement and diversity of columnists. We found that the market leaders of the newspaper industry tended to achieve a diversity of op-ed columnists by actively recruiting them from other newspapers. However, the alignment of political ideology was still crucial in the recruitment.2022-07-11T18:17:16-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18332“Life and Death” on the Internet: Metaphors and Chinese Users’ Experiences of “Account Bombing”2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Hui Fangjournication09@gmail.comShangwei Wushangwei1992@gmail.com<p class="Paragraph">“Account bombing” is the phenomenon in which Internet regulators permanently block some individual users’ social media accounts without the users knowing in advance. In this study, we frame account bombing as a form of user-targeted censorship by Internet platforms, which disrupts individual users’ daily routines. To understand how Chinese Internet users make sense of their experiences of account bombing, our study examines user narratives about this practice, paying particular attention to the metaphors they employ. Our findings suggest that users often use metaphors related to the body and death, such as “death sentence, ghosts, reincarnation,” and a person’s “will.” Overall, body-and-death metaphors reveal the irreversibility of account bombing and the uneven power relations of the Chinese Internet, which are heavily skewed toward regulators. These metaphors also establish the relevance of the seemly individual, sporadic experience of account bombing to a broader audience, evoking affective and political sympathy. </p>2022-07-11T18:14:28-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18261The Moderating Role of Political Ideology: Need for Cognition, Media Locus of Control, Misinformation Efficacy, and Misperceptions About COVID-192022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Porismita Borahporismita@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">Along with the horrific impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been another attack alongside termed as the “infodemic.” The main purposes of the current study are to examine (1) the association between literacy variables and misperceptions about COVID-19 and (2) the moderating role of political ideology on these relationships. The findings from a survey conducted in the United States show that self-identified liberals, need for cognition, and misinformation efficacy were negatively related to misperceptions about COVID-19. Findings from Hayes’s PROCESS model 1 show meaningful moderating effects of need for cognition, media locus of control, and misinformation efficacy with political ideology. Implications are discussed.</p>2022-07-11T18:11:49-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18208Attacking the Gatekeepers: A Survey Experiment on the Effects of Elite Criticism on the Media2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Patrick F. A. van Erkelpatrick.vanerkel@uantwerpen.beKarolin Soontjenskarolin.soontjens@uantwerpen.be<p class="ANAbstract">Using a survey experiment in Belgium, this study investigates to what extent media criticism voiced by political elites affects citizens’ media perceptions. In the experiment, citizens are exposed to tweets in which political parties attack the public broadcast for (1) being ideologically slanted and (2) being inaccurate. The study shows that by attacking a news outlet elites are able to increase citizens’ perceptions of partisan bias in that outlet. However, we also find that this does not spill over to their general perception of bias or<em> </em>trust in the traditional media. In addition, we demonstrate that not all types of elite attacks on the media have a similar effect, as we find no evidence of tweets where elites criticize the news for being inaccurate impact citizens’ perceptions of the media.</p><p> </p>2022-07-11T18:08:14-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18157Failure to Launch: International Broadcasters as Counter-Hegemonic News2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Christopher M. Toulactoula@shsu.edu<p class="ANAbstract">After the Cold War governments around the world reinvigorated or newly invested in 24-hour news channels such as Qatar’s Al-Jazeera English, China Central Television, Russia Today, and Germany’s Deutsche Welle. Distinct from domestic public service broadcasters, these international broadcasters are designed to reach foreign audiences to shift public opinion of the sponsoring state. Some scholars have argued these channels challenge the global hegemony of Anglo-American media, but this assertion has rarely been tested empirically. This article addresses this gap in the literature through a mixed-method analysis of four channels’ coverage of citizen protests. Findings indicate that no network operated as counter-hegemonic in its coverage, but that scholars should operationalize counter-hegemony explicitly if it is to be useful.</p>2022-07-11T18:05:35-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19013Flashbacks in Netflix Original TV Series (2013–2017): Predominant Categories, Formal Features, and Semantic Effects2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00José Antonio Planesjplanes@udemedellin.edu.coAlberto N. Garcíaalbgarcia@unav.esErnesto Pérez-Moránernesper@ucm.es<p>This article presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of formal and semantic trends of the flashback in Netflix original drama series between 2013 and 2017. The purpose is to determine whether such temporal digressions are commonplace to develop a better understanding of the evolution of television storytelling in the streaming era. The method applied involves a scene-by-scene quantitative analysis of temporality in 33 pilot episodes, an original methodology in television narratology. This is followed by a theoretical definition of the five categories of flashback: delimited, expository, undefined, independent, and oneiric. Tables displaying the data support the results of the study. The subsequent discussion combines the data with a qualitative analysis to identify patterns in how Netflix dramas juxtapose the five categories of flashbacks. Three conclusions are offered: the prevalence of temporal disruptions; the wide variety of flashback categories appearing in Netflix drama series; and the formal simplicity using these tropes. </p>2022-06-29T04:36:36-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18763When Journalists Run for Office: The Effects of Journalist-Candidates on Citizens’ Populist Attitudes and Voting Intentions2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Cristian VaccariC.Vaccari@lboro.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="color: windowtext;">This study analyzes how citizens respond to information about high-profile journalists who run for office for major political parties in Italy. An experiment embedded in the Italian National Election Studies 2018 preelection survey (<a name="_Hlk103717647"></a><em>N</em> = 1,533) tested whether exposure to information about journalist-candidates affects citizens’ levels of populist attitudes and voting intentions. Information on journalist-candidates led to statistically significant increases in populist attitudes, particularly when participants were told that journalists were running for all the main parties. By contrast, participants who were shown information about journalist-candidates did not increase their probability to vote for the parties that fielded those journalist-candidates. These findings suggest that political parties do not stand to gain substantial electoral benefits when they recruit journalist-candidates, but this practice increases citizens’ perceptions that both journalism and politics do not serve their interests. Citizens remain attached to the idea that journalists should retain some distance from politics rather than aim to become politicians themselves.</span></p>2022-06-29T04:33:49-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18636Trust in Religious Others: A Three-Way Interaction Model of Religious Bias, Informational Use of Digital Media, and Education2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Muhammad Masoodmmasood2-c@my.cityu.edu.hkMeng Xiangxiangmeng9-c@my.cityu.edu.hkMarko M. Skoricmskoric@cityu.edu.hkSaifuddin Ahmedsahmed@ntu.edu.sg<p class="ANAbstract">This study investigates the relationship between individuals’ religious bias and trust in religious others and how this relationship is conditioned by education and the use of digital media in the context of Pakistan. Although recent studies conducted in Western democracies suggest that social media have potentially contributed to the growth of religious and racial cleavages, the impact of these platforms remains understudied in non-Western, predominantly Muslim societies such as Pakistan. Our analyses of the World Value Survey (WVS) data from Pakistan show that, not surprisingly, religious bias negatively predicts trust in religious others. However, the informational use of digital media platforms (i.e., the Internet and social media) moderates this relationship, indicating that this negative association becomes insignificant among heavy digital media users. This relationship is further contingent on education, suggesting that less educated people benefit more from the informational use of digital media. The findings are discussed in relation to the extant literature on the role of digital media and education in facilitating religious trust.</p>2022-06-29T04:31:32-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18579Seeing and Believing Pro-Trump Fake News: The Interacting Roles of Online News Sources, Partisanship, and Education2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Patrick C. Meirickmeirick@ou.eduAmanda E. Franklynamandafranklyn@ou.edu<p class="ANAbstract">This study examined secondary survey data (<em>N</em> = 3,015) that asked respondents about real and pro-Trump fake news headlines in late 2016 as well as their reliance on online news sources. Reliance on Facebook for news was a vector for exposure to pro-Trump fake news but not for believing it. Reliance on Fox News online and on nonlegacy news sites was positively associated both with exposure to and perceived accuracy of pro-Trump fake news. The Fox News relationship with perceived accuracy was moderated by party and education such that Fox News reliance was a stronger predictor for Democrats and the more highly educated. Reliance on CNN online and elite newspaper sites was negatively related with the perceived accuracy of pro-Trump fake news. Implications for motivated reasoning theory and future directions are discussed.</p><p> </p>2022-06-29T04:28:58-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18500Strategic Temporality: Information Types and Their Rhetorical Usage in Digital Election Visualizations2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Eedan R. Amit-Danhieedan.amit-danhi@mail.huji.ac.il<p>Ideally, the prevalence of political data/information visualizations on social media would enrich political discourse with quality information. However, when examining the rhetorical role of information in visualizations, one must first typify <em>information</em>. A review of existing data/information typologies finds them incomprehensive; they omit visual and data-less information and disregard the temporal liminality of election periods. I thus rely on qualitative content analysis of 252 visualizations from the 2016 U.S. election to define the attributes of contemporary political information and explore its role in visualization rhetoric. I amend and amalgamate existing literature to create a <em>typology of political information</em>, which then I use to categorize the sample into two rhetorical modes (<em>Unveiling</em> hidden past/present realities, and <em>Imagining</em> possible futures) to create a second <em>typology of</em> <em>visualized information-rhetoric</em>. Overall, my findings reveal that candidates use temporality strategically to persuade while appearing to inform, as the facts of the election future are still pending. </p>2022-06-29T04:26:27-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18305Digital Redlining and the Endless Divide: Philadelphia’s COVID-19 Digital Inclusion Efforts2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Pawel Popielppopiel@asc.upenn.eduVictor Pickardvictor.pickard@asc.upenn.eduThe COVID-19 pandemic precipitated attention to the public consequences of digital exclusion and to local, state, and federal emergency digital inclusion efforts. In this case study, we examine private sector, municipal government, and nonprofit efforts to close the divide during the pandemic in Philadelphia, which has one of the worst urban connectivity rates in the United States. Drawing on news accounts, policy documents, and interviews with city staff, we assess Philadelphia’s digital inclusion efforts during the pandemic. Our findings show that inclusion efforts faced challenging logistics, limited data on the unconnected, funding concerns, and sometimes pushback from Internet service providers (ISPs). The latter were by necessity crucial partners in connectivity efforts but failed to address basic digital access gaps without significant public and governmental pressure, signaling the need for public alternatives. Our analysis foregrounds the disconnect among well-resourced ISPs, connectivity gaps marked by digital redlining in the poorest communities, and political constraints on robust public broadband policy.2022-06-29T04:23:48-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18459Whither Transnationality? Some Theoretical Challenges in Korean Wave Studies2022-11-30T04:59:59-08:00Jaeho Kangjaekang@snu.ac.kr<p>In studies on the Korean Wave, the notion of transnationality has been instrumental in underscoring the hybrid, transgressive, and intersectional character of the Korean Wave. However, its analytical legitimacy has been increasingly questioned, and its application necessitates a more nuanced viewpoint when investigating the global circulation and consumption of the Korean Wave. In this essay, I critically examine the theoretical issues arising from key debates on the transnationality of the Korean Wave in the fields of communications, media, and cultural studies. I attempt to present an analytical framework by reconstructing the issues of transnationality with particular references to trans-urban, trans-local, and trans-media. As a result, I wish to prove the theoretical imperatives of transnational approaches to Korean Wave studies in the post-Hallyu 2.0 era. </p><p> </p>2022-06-28T16:08:22-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17696An Integrative Framework for Information Behaviors on Social Issues: In the Context of South–North Korean Relations2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Hyo Jung Kimhyo.kim@pusan.ac.krSungwook Hwanghsw110@pusan.ac.kr<div><p class="MS">This study proposes and tests a theoretical framework that predicts the information behaviors of South Koreans regarding current issues in South–North Korean relations. Based on the situational theory of problem solving and risk information seeking and processing model, this study explains how cognitive, affective, and social factors influence an individual’s willingness to actively seek information about a political issue. A nationwide survey was conducted in South Korea with 1,014 adults aged 19–64 years. Considering the historical and social backgrounds of the inter-Korean issue, this study also compared the responses of young and old age groups and found generational differences between them. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are then discussed. </p></div>2022-06-28T16:00:37-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15570Quantifying the Evidential Value of Celebrity Endorsement: A p-Curve Analysis2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Shiyun Tiantians@sacredheart.eduRuoyu Sunruoyu.sun@miami.eduQian Huanghuangq19@miamioh.eduJohn Petitjohnpetit@miami.edu<p class="ANAbstract">Celebrity endorsements have long been used as a promotional tool in marketing communication. However, literature has documented inconsistent findings on the effects of celebrity endorsements compared to no endorsement or noncelebrity endorsements, suggesting a close examination about the reliability and robustness of celebrity endorsements is needed. This study conducted a <em>p</em>-curve analysis among two sets of published studies based on different comparison groups (celebrity endorsements vs. no celebrity endorsement; celebrity endorsements vs. noncelebrity endorsements) to investigate if both sets of studies contain an evidential value. The significantly right-skewed <em>p </em>curve suggests that both sets of published studies have some integrity. However, the studies that compared celebrity endorsements with no celebrity endorsements showed low statistical power. Theoretical and methodological implications for celebrity endorsement research were discussed.</p><p> </p>2022-06-28T15:57:16-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19678Close Calls: Reclaiming the Nuclear Hotline as a Communication Technology2022-12-06T16:36:55-08:00Bryan C. Taylorbryan.taylor@colorado.eduHamilton BeanHamilton.Bean@ucdenver.edu<p class="ANAbstract">Public discourse commonly depicts “communication” as a crucial function of nuclear hotlines. However, scholars have not critically examined images of communication that dominate the development and use of nuclear hotlines. Analysis of related institutional narratives reveals their multiple, competing conceptions of “communication.” While this interpretive flexibility may serve the needs of nuclear hotline stakeholders, it also creates ambiguity and contradiction that may distort its ongoing development. We subsequently surface key meanings of communication associated with the history, technology, and institutions of the nuclear hotline. We focus on two limitations of these narratives—<em>the</em> <em>perpetuation of instrumental illusions</em>, and the <em>insensitive conception of mediated communication—</em>and their implications for nuclear hotline development. We conclude by reviewing the benefits of revising these narratives and proposing an agenda for communication research.</p>2022-06-13T18:19:06-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19292Women Under Authoritarianism: Precarious, Glamorous Women Politicians in Hong Kong Political News and Gossip2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Natalie Ngaitlngai@umich.edu<p>This study combines content analysis and critical discourse analysis to examine how the media representation of politicians is shaped by their gender, political identities, political leanings of the press, and journalism genres, with a sample of 946 news articles during the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong. Results show that women legislators in Hong Kong are more visible in softer journalism than hard news. Under authoritarianism, women politicians with liberal, prodemocracy agendas are particularly vulnerable to what Gaye Tuchman terms the “symbolic annihilation” by the media. Although celebrity journalism tends to portray more women politicians over men regardless of their political leanings, it often stresses women’s gender over their profession. This study brings in an intersectional, cultural studies approach to research on gender and news. </p>2022-06-13T18:16:42-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19226Africa Rising? A Meta-Analysis of Published Communication Scholarship2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Meghan Sobel Cohenmcohen003@regis.edu<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Using meta-analytic work, this study examines communication research methods, geographic focus, and lead author affiliation in research articles published in four prominent communication journals over the course of a decade (2010–2019). Results point to scholarship by authors from North American and European institutions being dominant throughout the decade of analysis alongside an overwhelming geographic focus on North American and European populations and content, and a continued reliance on a few research methods. Relying on the same, often Western, epistemologies and methodologies may not be applicable in understanding communication phenomena in varying parts of the world and can perpetuate colonialist practices and strengthen existing power structures.</span></p>2022-06-13T18:14:25-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19168A Multilevel Model of Mobile Media Use and Public Support for Press Freedom in Africa2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Jason A. Martinjmart181@depaul.edu<p>This article presents analysis of a multilevel model of country- and individual-level factors that influence citizens’ support for press freedom in 34 African nations. The goal is to understand how mobile media use and attitudes about the press are related to demand for press freedom in a region with fast growth of mobile bandwidth infrastructure, and to contribute to a clearer explanation of how citizen attitudes are related to external evaluations of press freedom and public demand for press freedom. Findings indicate significant relationships among mobile media use for informational purposes and citizen perceptions of press freedom supply in predicting public demand for press freedom. Results also support a growing body of literature about press freedom in Africa, contributing to literature that has shown citizen evaluations of press freedom to be revealed as a nuanced concept with variations across countries based on cultural values, government framework, and journalistic culture. </p>2022-06-13T18:09:53-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19007“We Usually Go Out Instead, So That He Forgets About His Tablet”: (Great-)Grandparental Mediation in the Generational Order2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Carolina Martínezcarolina.martinez@mau.se<p>Research on mediation of children’s media use has primarily focused on parents, while the role of other social agents, such as grandparents, has gained little attention. This article furthers our understanding of grandparental mediation by exploring what mediation strategies are used by grandparents and great-grandparents to mediate children’s digital media use. Furthermore, it contributes to our understanding of how mediation is shaped by the generational order, in this case how parents play an important role in influencing grandparents’ mediation practices. The article draws on qualitative interviews with 18 older adults in Sweden who had grandchildren and great-grandchildren whom they were with regularly or occasionally. The results reveal that (great-)grandparents employed the strategies of restrictive mediation, active mediation, co-use, participatory learning, and deference. The use of these strategies was clearly shaped by the generational order, where restrictive and active mediation were especially delicate to manage within the dynamics of intergenerational relations. </p>2022-06-13T18:07:36-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18993Love NBA, Hate BLM: Racism in China’s Sports Fandom2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Altman Yuzhu Pengaltman.peng@warwick.ac.ukXianwen Kuangxianwen.kuang@xjtlu.edu.cnJenny Zhengye Houjenny.hou@qut.edu.au<p>This article aims to explore how racism plays out in China’s sports fandom in the wake of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement sweeping across the globe. To this end, we conducted a case study of basketball fans’ postings on the most popular Chinese-language sports fandom platform, Hupu. The research discovered that the often-negative assessments of the BLM movement posted on Hupu were largely informed by racism deeply held in traditional Chinese thinking, which provided the grounding for Chinese sports fans to appropriate racial discourses to assess progressive equal-rights politics in Euro-American societies. The trajectory of such a discursive practice was twofold, enabling these sports fans to rationalize their political views pertaining to both international and domestic arenas. The research findings urge scholarly attention to the dynamic interplay between regional popular cultures and global equal-rights politics in the digital age in China and beyond. </p>2022-06-13T18:05:18-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18892Between the Liminal and the Normal: How the News Constructed the Social Change of Face Covering During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Xi Cuicuix@cofc.eduFeifei Chenchenf@cofc.edu<p class="ANAbstract">This study examined the news coverage in <em>The New York Times</em> of face covering in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 2,663). We found 6 phases of the coverage that alternated between disruption and normalization. They differed in the framing of face covering and the representations of social agents. Drawing on theorizations of liminality, social change, and journalistic practices, we argue that societal liminality like the pandemic does not necessarily progress linearly from disruption toward normalization, and the news coverage mediates the contestations among social agents in the process. Meanwhile, some journalistic norms may unintentionally prolong the liminal period, amplify social fragmentation, and reproduce the media’s power to construct social reality.</p><p> </p>2022-06-13T18:02:28-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18852Users’ Political Motivations in Comment Sections on News Sites2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Patrick Zerrerpzerrer@uni-bremen.deInes Engelmannines.engelmann@uni-jena.de<p>The Internet has transformed individual political participation. Based on our theoretical framework, we assume that user comments can be regarded as forms of political participation from which conclusions can be drawn about users’ political motivations such as identity, emotions, morality, and agency. In a manual quantitative content analysis of 300 user comments of the comment sections of four German news sites, we identified types of user comments on the basis of perceptible political motivations. A subsequent cluster analysis shows that the identified motivations occur in combination. We classify six different clusters of user comments based on these motivations: <em>moral-friendly, objective, emotional-moral believing, angry-left-liberal, angry-conservative, </em>and<em> angry-lone-fighter</em>. Further analyses of motivations and types of user comments by left- and right-leaning news sites reveal clear differences in the occurrence of negative emotions, individual and collective morality, and agency. The <em>angry-conservative </em>and <em>angry-lone-fighter</em> clearly predominate on right-leaning media, and<em> emotional-moral believing </em>and <em>angry-left-liberal</em> on left-leaning media. </p>2022-06-13T17:59:58-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18799Testing Mechanisms and Effects of Opposition-Targeted Inoculation and Visual Strategies to Promote Health Policy2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Jiawei Liujl3992@cornell.eduAndy J. Kingandyking@iastate.eduJeff Niederdeppejdn56@cornell.edu<p>Inoculation theory predicts messages forewarning people of opposing arguments can offset the effects of subsequent exposure to oppositional messages. Tests of inoculation rarely explicate the mechanisms of inoculation messages that specify oppositional targets or use visual evidentiary strategies. We test the effects of targeted inoculation and visual imagery on public support for restricting the marketing of sugary drinks to youth. A targeted inoculation message reduced the effects of anti-policy messages on policy support by evoking anger and counterarguing immediately after exposure to the inoculation message, but not after a one-week delay. Adding visual imagery provided no inoculation benefit. </p>2022-06-13T17:55:38-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18621Against the Current: Back to Public Diplomacy as Government Communication2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Seong-Hun Yundonggukpr@dongguk.edu<p align="left">The scholarship on public diplomacy has become particularly unsettled about who is the actor of the practice. The state (government) has been traditionally viewed as the actor, whereas non-states also have been recognized from the perspective of “public diplomacy as social practice.” With the societist perspective having become a strong current of opinion, its proponents now mount a bounded thrust to further delimit qualifications for non-states as actors. This article addresses such dissensus against the societist current by taking issue with the two bounded qualifications—“the public interests” and “the national interests”—and by criticizing the former for being politically biased and the latter for being indeterminate in designating specific non-states as actors. This article then makes a proposal for a return to public diplomacy as government communication, in which non-states are treated as actors in “the global public sphere,” while the government as the sole actor in public diplomacy. </p>2022-06-13T05:12:33-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18485Rethinking De-Westernization in Communication Studies: The Ibero-American Movement in International Publishing2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Marton Demeterdemeter.marton@uni-nke.huManuel Goyanesmgoyanes@hum.uc3m.esFederico Navarronavarro@uoh.clJudit Mihalikmihalik.judit@uni-milton.huClaudia Melladoclaudia.mellado@pucv.cl<p class="ANAbstract">This study joins the emerging de-Westernization discourse within communication studies and empirically compares the diversity of Ibero-American, Western, and regional journals at three different levels: authorship, editorial board membership, and citations. Our findings show that through low geopolitical diversity and high regional shares in authorship, editorial board membership, and citations, the Ibero-American region uses its structural, linguistic, and cultural resources to offer an alternative universe to mainstream English-based communication research. The article argues that the process of trailblazing the pathways to de-Westernizing communication scholarship is best accomplished when it is actively led by peripheral regions.</p>2022-06-13T05:08:02-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18428Media Freedom in a Populist Regime: Evidence From Pakistan2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Shabir Hussainshabir.buic@bahria.edu.pkQamar Abbasqamarmasscom@gmail.comMohammad Anas Sheikhannishaikh92@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">In this study, the researchers analyzed the state of media freedom in Pakistan during the populist regime of Imran Khan from August 2018 till April 2022. For this purpose, semistructured interviews were conducted with senior journalists of prominent newspapers and TV channels in the country. The researchers found that journalists were under immense pressure to perform their duties professionally. They faced intimidations, threats to their families, and termination from services. Furthermore, the government adopted a carrot-and-stick policy while dealing with the media. The supportive media received both financial and professional benefits while the critical media were tightly monitored and punished. Journalists also faced online harassment by the troll factories affiliated with the government. The study showed the Pakistani populist regime was mainly applying the same strategies to control media as were other populist-led governments. However, because of weak institutional support for journalists, the regime was successful in curtailing free expression substantially compared with the situation in rest of the democratic world.</p>2022-06-13T05:03:50-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18420Spiral of Silence or Social Loafing? A Parallel Mechanism to Explain Why People Defend Their Stances on Controversial Sociopolitical Issues2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Cheng Hongc.hong@csus.eduCong Licongli@miami.edu<p>Using spiral of silence and social loafing theories, this study proposed a parallel mechanism to explain why people defend their stances on controversial sociopolitical issues through political consumption behaviors (i.e., boycott and buycott) when they read about corporate advocacy messages on social media. A 2 (personal stance: supporting vs. opposing gun control) × 3 (other Instagram commenters’ stances: majority supporting gun control vs. majority opposing gun control vs. balanced opinions) between-subjects quasi-experiment was conducted to test the mediating effects of feeling of being in the majority opinion group and feeling of others not contributing enough on boycott/buycott intentions. Results showed that people defend their stances through boycott/buycott actions, because of the feeling of being in the majority opinion group. </p>2022-06-13T04:57:20-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15591Conflicts and Nigeria Media: A Look at National Newspapers’ Coverage of Herdsmen and Farmers’ Clashes2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Sunday Uche Ajaajauche@yahoo.comJoseph Nwanja Chukwuchukwu.j3@gmail.comEkwutosi Sanita Nwakpujoynwitumo@gmail.comValentine Okwudilichukwu Ezemaezemavalentineokwy@gmail.comIjeoma Njideka Taiwoijeomataiwo@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">Media framing and reportage of conflicts can lead to escalation or de-escalation of the conflicts. Because of their roles in audience perception of events and issues, media framing and reportage are considered veritable instruments for conflict resolution. Unfortunately, the conflicts between herdsmen and farmers have become recurrent security challenges facing Nigeria in recent years. Using content analysis, this study examines the coverage of the clashes between herdsmen and farmers in Plateau State, Nigeria, by three national newspapers (<em>The Sun, The Guardian</em>, and <em>Punch</em>) from March 1, 2018–January 30, 2019 (the time of their ceaseless attacks). Findings show that the newspapers’ direction of coverage of the conflicts is highly negative and dominated by a criminality frame. The study concludes that many of the selected newspapers’ reporters are yet to imbibe the principles of peace journalism in their news reporting and recommends that the journalists be trained on peace journalism skills to facilitate resolution of the conflicts.</p>2022-06-13T04:52:26-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19134Picturing the “Hordes of Hated Barbarians”: Islamic State Propaganda, (Self)Orientalism, and Strategic Self-Othering2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Jared Ahmadj.ahmad@sheffield.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="color: windowtext;">In recent years, there has been a proliferation of research into the Islamic State’s (IS) visual communications output. The current article provides a conceptual contribution to this literature by developing an original framework for the analysis of the group’s propaganda. Drawing together postcolonial and political communications scholarship, it shows how IS photopropagandists have sought to mobilize civilizational discourses surrounding the “dangerous Orient” as a core feature of its image operations. More provocatively, the article argues that the group has weaponized the Orientalist image in order to strike fear into the hearts and minds of its enemies. Using visual discourse analysis, and focusing on images produced within the group’s propaganda alongside their remediation by Western media and political actors, the article develops the concept of <em>strategic self-Othering</em> to show how IS successfully harnesses the discursive power of Orientalism in its messaging, thus feeding into a wider posttruth communications style that prioritizes shocking, fear-inducing imagery over notions of truth and reason.</span></p><p><strong> </strong></p>2022-05-26T18:08:44-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19289In FYP We Trust: The Divine Force of Algorithmic Conspirituality2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Kelley Cotterkcotter@psu.eduJulia R. DeCookjdecook@luc.eduShaheen Kanthawalaskanthawala@ua.eduKali Foylekfoyle@luc.edu<p>In this article, we introduce the concept of algorithmic conspirituality to capture occasions when people find personal, often revelatory connections to content algorithmically recommended to them on social media and explain these connections as a kind of algorithmically mediated cosmic intervention. The phenomenon emerges from three particular developments: an epistemological shift that has positioned algorithms as important tools for self-knowledge; the sublime quality that algorithms have acquired, which primes users to imagine them as providential; and the rise of <em>conspirituality</em> (a portmanteau of <em>conspiracy</em> and <em>spirituality</em>). In conceptualizing algorithmic conspirituality, we particularly focus on TikTok, where the platform’s For You Page algorithm shapes users’ experience to an even greater degree than other platforms. We illustrate the concept through three example TikTok videos and conclude with a discussion and recommendations on future research agendas using algorithmic conspirituality.</p>2022-05-26T18:05:51-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18863From Hype Cynics to Extreme Believers: Typologizing the Swiss Population’s COVID-19-Related Conspiracy Beliefs, Their Corresponding Information Behavior, and Social Media Use2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Mike S. Schäferm.schaefer@ikmz.uzh.chDaniela Mahld.mahl@ikmz.uzh.chTobias Füchslinrzezna65@yahoo.comJulia Metagjulia.metag@uni-muenster.deJing Zengj.zeng@ikmz.uzh.chConspiracy theories have received an increasing amount of public and scholarly attention. In these accounts, individuals with conspiracy beliefs are sometimes described as a homogeneous and deviant, even pathological group of people supporting elaborate conspiracy theories, informing themselves in “alternative” and social media, and actively disseminating their views via such platforms to others. This article differentiates this perception. Through the conceptual lens of conspiracy beliefs and based on a national online survey about the Swiss population’s perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic (<em>n</em> = 1,072), we use latent class analysis (LCA) to reconstruct six distinct groups of individuals that all harbor conspiracy beliefs, but to different degrees and in different ways, ranging from <em>Extreme Believers</em> over <em>Lingering Believers</em> to <em>Hype Cynics</em>. Compared with the rest of the population, many of these groups inform themselves more often online and on social media, and segments with higher degrees of conspiracy beliefs in particular use social media often to disseminate their views.2022-05-26T18:02:32-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18811Selection Bias of News on Social Media: The Role of Selective Sharing and Avoidance During the Lebanon Uprising2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Claudia Kozmanclaudia.kozman@lau.edu.lbJad Melkijmelki@lau.edu.lbThis study examines selection bias on social media during the 2019 Lebanon protests. Based on the theoretical concepts of selective avoidance and selective sharing, the survey of a nationally representative probability sample found selective avoidance to occur across all social media. Among the various protest-related activities, sharing news was the only predictor significantly related to both selective avoidance and participation in protests across four social media platforms. In addition, political factors significantly predicted selective avoidance. Finally, selection bias was evident in the role selective sharing of news on social media played in predicting selective avoidance only among the protest supporters. The findings indicate that protest supporters could play a major role in mobilizing the public to participate in street protests by selectively sharing and avoiding protest-related news on social media.2022-05-26T17:58:23-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18798Media Visibility of Femininity and Care: UK Women’s Magazines’ Representations of Female “Keyworkers” During COVID-192022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Shani Orgads.s.orgad@lse.ac.ukCatherine Rottenbergcatherine.rottenberg@nottingham.ac.uk<p>This article explores the media visibility of female keyworkers—workers deemed essential for society’s functioning, including medical staff, transport workers, and social care workers—during COVID-19. Focusing on UK women’s magazines as an important genre regulating femininity, we analyze representations of female keyworkers during the pandemic’s first six months, demonstrating how these depictions and the construction of keyworkers’ femininity gesture toward “care justice” while simultaneously buttressing sentimentalized “care gratitude.” “Care justice” is articulated through a focus on women’s ordinariness, collectivity, and the voicing of critique regarding working conditions and the urgent need to invest in care infrastructure. “Care gratitude” is promoted through the magazines’ celebration of “heroic” keyworkers who are overwhelmingly young, able, employed, resilient, and caring, reinforcing heteronormative femininity. Women’s magazines thus constitute a mediated site where both the possibilities and the limitations of the recent media visibility of care work and those performing it are illuminated. </p>2022-05-26T17:53:30-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18567Instagrammable Data: Using Visuals to Showcase More Than Numbers on AJ Labs Instagram Page2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santosmathias.felipe@unifesp.brArwa Kooliarwa.kooli@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">News outlets are increasingly developing formats dedicated to capturing audience attention in social platforms. Meanwhile, the use of data-driven storytelling is becoming increasingly integrated into the ever-complex business models of news outlets, generating more impact and visibility. Previous studies have focused on studying these two effects separately. To fill this literature gap, this study identifies and analyzes the use of data journalism on social media content of AJ Labs, the team dedicated to producing data-driven and interactive stories for the Al Jazeera news network. Drawing upon a mixed-method approach, this study examines the use and characteristics of data stories on Instagram. Results suggest that there is reliance on producing visual content that covers topics such as politics and violence. In general, AJ Labs relies on the use of reproducible formats and produces its own unique data. To conclude, we suggest potential ways to improve the use of Instagram to tell data stories.</p>2022-05-26T17:49:21-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18279Trade-offs, New Norms, and Aspirations: Conceptualizing the Shadow WiFi Public of a Suburban Havana Park2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Lorian Leongl.leong@alumni.lse.ac.uk<p>This study draws from the perspectives of 27 informants to provide a case study of the WiFi park culture in a Havana suburb in late 2017. Combining the domestication framework with community and publics scholarship and public WiFi use studies, findings detail the behaviors, corrective actions, values, and aspirations of users and proposed the concept of a shadow WiFi public. Analyses show how the Cuban sociopolitical landscape implicates itself in the various levels of adoption and how users navigate these circumstances to fit their broader social goals. These findings can be used in further studies to understand technology adoption, WiFi usage, and aspirations of WiFi publics at the intersection of culture, politics, society, and technology. </p>2022-05-26T17:45:47-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18008Rethinking the Expertise of Data Journalists: A Case Study2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Jingrong Tongj.tong@sheffield.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">This article examines the expertise of eight data journalists and its development and application in three British national newspapers and their Sunday counterparts. Apart from technical skills, such as coding techniques, their expertise has a social dimension: the ability to make knowledge/experience-based judgments, solve problems, communicate with audiences, and collaborate with non-data journalists and experts. Their learning of technical skills was initially driven by their personal imperative to stand out in the job market. The social dimension of their expertise builds on and interacts with their gaining and proficient use of technical skills, underlying the combined use of technical and journalistic skills in practice. It helps to achieve collaboration and consolidate cultural authority in telling reliable data stories. The applicability of their expertise transcends all topic areas and suits interdisciplinary, high-tech reporting tasks requiring multifaceted knowledge that a single journalist may not possess. Its application reflects an organizational strategy to modify the division of labor in well-resourced national newspaper newsrooms in the UK in response to the opportunities brought about by the datafication of our society.</span></p>2022-05-26T17:42:38-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17526Nation Branding as a Modern Expression of Colonialism in Latin America: A Focus on Chile, Colombia, and Peru2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Pablo Miñopabloamn@bu.edu<p class="ANAbstract"><span lang="EN-IN">Since the 2000s, several Latin American governments have launched nation branding campaigns to internationally promote the exports, foreign direct investment, and tourism offerings of their countries. This study examines how these projects have attempted to appeal to both internal and external audiences by capturing specific moments in the history of these countries’ political, social, and economic development, in a context of heightened neoliberalism in the region between the 1990s and 2010s. Drawing from in-depth interviews with 21 professionals involved with nation branding campaigns on behalf of Chile, Colombia, and Peru, this study recognizes nation branding as a reflection of modern colonialism in Latin America, through the lens of the literature on the coloniality of power and the duality between modernity and coloniality. This finding contributes to the cultural approach to nation branding, recognizing that brands act as vessels for the cultural meaning of ideas that are bound to time.</span></p>2022-05-26T17:39:55-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17036The Personal Is Political for Me(n)too: Online Discourse Surrounding Male Victims of Sexual Assault2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Hila Lowenstein-Barkaihilalow@gmail.com<p>As hashtag feminist campaigns such as #MeToo, #NotOkay, and #YesAllWomen have shown, social media are powerful discursive spaces for conversations on gender inequities and eventually generate discursive shifts. The current study asks whether social media play the same role for <em>male</em> victims of sexual assault, who challenge hegemonic conventions according to which “real” men cannot be raped/harassed by disclosing their experiences online. To answer this question, a thematic analysis was conducted, comprising 2,176 online comments to 40 self-disclosures of men published during the #MeToo and #WhyIDidntReport campaigns in Israel. A vast majority of the comments contested traditional stereotypes of gender order and gender hegemony and suggested alternative notions of manhood. All in all, the findings lead to cautious optimism in regard to the role of social media in legitimizing male victimization and challenging male rape myths. </p>2022-05-26T17:36:44-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19513On the Effects and Boundaries of Awe and Humor Appeals for Pro-Environmental Engagement2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Chris Skurkacjs7142@psu.eduNicholas Engnje49@psu.eduMary Beth Olivermbo1@psu.edu<p>Awe, a self-transcendent emotion often triggered by vast nature panoramas, is likely to stimulate pro-environmental action. We examined whether appealing to awe could promote perceived risk of climate change, support for low-carbon policies, and intentions to perform pro-environmental behaviors. Given conversations around comedy as a strategy for communicating climate change, we also tested whether appealing to humor, another positive emotional experience, could have similar effects. In a preregistered experiment with a national sample of U.S. adults, we found that awe appeals increased all outcomes measured. The parody-based humor appeals strengthened belief in climate change and perceived risk. These findings demonstrate awe-inspiring messages can increase several pro-environmental outcomes and parody can increase belief-oriented outcomes. For outcomes where the effects of the awe appeals depended on individuals’ political affiliation, effects were strongest for Republicans. </p>2022-05-13T16:56:56-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18523Binge-Watching Dependence: A Function of Sensation Seeking, Need for Cognition, and Flow2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Hongjin Shimhjshim@kisdi.re.krYoon Hi Sungyhsung@ou.edu<p>This study discusses various definitions and features of the binge-watching phenomenon, with a particular focus on psychological traits, sensation seeking (SSK), and need for cognition (NFC). Specifically, the current study, based on an online survey conducted by an online research company, examined how SSK and NFC were associated with binge-watching dependence and the mediating role of flow. The final analysis included 1,009 respondents who identified themselves as binge-watchers and who had experienced binge-watching. Questionnaires included participants’ psychological traits (SSK, NFC), flow, and binge-watching dependence. Results showed that individuals who ranked higher on SSK and NFC were more likely to become binge-watching dependent. In addition, the relationships between SSK/NFC and binge-watching dependence were found to be mediated by flow. Implications and future research are discussed. </p>2022-05-13T16:05:43-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18433The Audacity of Clout (Chasing): Digital Strategies of Black Youth in Chicago DIY Hip-Hop2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Jabari M. EvansJE27@mailbox.sc.eduNancy K. Baymbaym@microsoft.com<p class="ANAbstract">Though many scholars have theorized about the communication of Black youth in digital spaces, academic work has generally not sought artist perspectives of how their platformed creation might be connected to relational labor. Using observations and interviews with artists, artist managers, and entrepreneurs, we examine relational practices of hip-hop youth on social media. We describe their work on social media toward acquiring “clout”—a digital form of influence self-described by emerging musicians as allowing them to leverage digital tools in building social and professional status, amplify authenticity, cultivate connections with fans, and connect with friends and other cultural producers. In this study, we detail examples of three relational strategies that our respondents used to acquire clout: (a) corralling (b) capping, and (c) cosigning. To conclude, we argue that Chicago’s hip-hop scene provides an example of why formal institutions and researchers need to rethink how race, class, gender, and geography influence the digital interactions of young people and how their social practices add to the understanding of the counterpublics arising from globalizing social media.</p>2022-05-13T16:03:22-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18128Editorial Journalism and Environmental Issues in the Majority World2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Shafiq Ahmad Kambohshafiq.ics@pu.edu.pkMuhammad Ittefaqittefaqmuhammad1@gmail.comMuhammad Yousafyousafspeaks@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">Prior research suggests that reliance on news media is dramatically increased during a public health crisis because people need more information to reduce their anxiety levels. This is an ideal situation for editorialists to influence the public policy-making process around certain social issues related to that health crisis, particularly if established by the scientific community. Drawing on media dependency theory and editorial journalism conceptual framework, we analyzed the editorial coverage of environmental issues in four leading majority world English language newspapers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings suggest that in relation to advocating environmental issues, the editorialists either ignored linking environmental issues to the pandemic or, if they established a link, gave negligible coverage, hence seem to have failed to perform their normative role. Thus, we recommend that civic advocacy groups help build the news media capacity regarding how to cover environmental issues amid a pandemic.</p><p> </p>2022-05-13T16:00:54-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19415Values and Media Literacy: Exploring the Relationship Between the Values People Prioritize in Their Life and Their Attitudes Toward Media Literacy2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Simon Chamberssimon.chambers@westernsydney.edu.auTanya NotleyT.Notley@westernsydney.edu.auMichael Dezuannim.dezuanni@qut.edu.auSora ParkSora.Park@canberra.edu.au<p>Media literacy is often described as an approach that can be used to address pressing public concerns ranging from combating misinformation to supporting citizens’ full participation in society. What is little understood, however, is the importance people give to the role of media literacy in their own lives. Drawing on data from a representative survey of Australian adults, this article examines the importance given to 14 media literacy abilities that are often the focus of media literacy programs. Incorporating Schwartz’s framework of motivational values into our analysis, we find that the specific media literacy abilities people identify as important are generally closely aligned with the underlying values they prioritize in their lives. Furthermore, people’s values offer more predictive power than sociodemographic characteristics when it comes to understanding the importance people place on specific media literacy outcomes. The article argues that by understanding how and why people respond differently to the goals of media literacy, educators can design more appealing and effective media literacy interventions. </p>2022-04-24T15:31:44-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18187Twitter and Endorsed (Fake) News: The Influence of Endorsement by Strong Ties, Celebrities, and a User Majority on Credibility of Fake News During the COVID-19 Pandemic2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Inyoung Shininyoung.shin@yale.eduLuxuan Wangluxuan.wang@rutgers.eduYi-Ta Luyi_ta_lu@eva.mpg.de<p>Focusing on a widespread COVID-19 conspiracy theory, this study examines how social endorsement systems on Twitter, represented by retweets and metrics indicating the number of engagements by others, affect assessment of credibility of (fake) news. Expanding studies on social influence and endorsement-based heuristics, we hypothesized that Twitter users would consider fake news retweeted by a strong tie and with cues indicating a greater number of likes, comments, and retweets as more credible than news retweeted by a celebrity and without the cues. Through a two-by-two survey experiment among 267 Twitter users, we found evidence to support these hypotheses. We additionally found that the effectiveness of strong ties and celebrities as retweeters varied by users’ perceptions of their attributes and users’ interactions with them. These findings add to the literature of news credibility by demonstrating the effects of endorsements from social media contacts. Our study partly explains how and why fake news and disinformation spread in the networked online environment. We conclude this study by discussing implications for interventions of fake news on social media. </p>2022-04-24T15:25:49-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18773Narratives to Increase Prosociality Toward Refugees2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Elaine Paravatieharriga@hamilton.eduKaitlin Fitzgeraldksfitzge@buffalo.eduMelanie C. Greenmcgreen2@buffalo.eduCass McAllistercassmcal@buffalo.eduMelissa M. Mooremmoore6@buffalo.edu<p>Narratives can be effective tools for improving attitudes toward minority groups. The current study tested the potential for restorative narratives—stories of recovery that show the character strength and meaningful progression of an individual—to increase prosocial attitudes toward refugees. This experiment (<em>N</em> = 597) compared narratives with and without restorative elements in a 2 (character strength: present vs. absent) × 2 (narrative ending: positive versus negative) design, including a no-message control group. Results suggested that narratives in general improved explicit attitudes toward refugees, as well as attitudes toward helping refugees, compared to the no-message control. Although the strength/positive ending restorative narrative was not more effective than other narratives, specific components of restorative narratives (e.g., strength-focus; positive ending) influenced the overall emotional experience. </p>2022-04-24T15:48:04-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18675Discussion Networks and Resilience of College Students: Explicating Tie Strength in Communicative Interaction2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Seungyoon Leeseungyoon@purdue.eduBailey C. Benedictbailey.benedict@csusb.eduTamara C. Guesttguest@purdue.edu<p>With the prevalence of mental health problems on college campuses, resilience has emerged as a meaningful concept for understanding students’ well-being. Having strong ties to capitalize on is theorized as predicting resilient functioning. Yet the precise forms of strong ties, particularly manifested in communicative relations, is underexamined. Joining network and communication theoretical perspectives, this study disentangles how indicators of tie strength are associated with resilience. Analysis of 599 students’ personal networks shows that, beyond mental health and indicators of tie strength in the static network, how students activate communication ties (i.e., frequency of communication and diversity of topics discussed) explained two intrapersonal resilience dimensions: <em>perceptions of future</em> and <em>social competence</em>. In addition, substantive topics discussed had varying effects on the four resilience dimensions examined. Implications for integrating recent theorizing on networks in practice into traditional network perspectives (i.e., emphasizing network structure), and practical suggestions for understanding college students’ resilience, are presented. </p>2022-04-24T15:20:47-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18386Geographic Disparities in Knowledge Production: A Big Data Analysis of Peer-Reviewed Communication Publications from 1990 to 20192022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Brian Ekdalebrian-ekdale@uiowa.eduAbby Rinaldiabbykrinaldi@gmail.comMir Ashfaquzzamanmir-ashfaquzzaman@uiowa.eduMehrnaz Khanjanimkhanjani@email.wcu.eduFrankline Matanjifrankline-matanji@uiowa.eduRyan Stoldtryan.stoldt@drake.eduMelissa Tullymelissa-tully@uiowa.edu<p class="ANAbstract">This study uses computational methods to provide a comprehensive analysis of geographic distribution of journal authorship in the field of communication. Using the Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR) database, we collected data on publications appearing in 400 communication journals between 1990 and 2019. Our findings demonstrate a <em>proportionate</em> decline in Northern American authorial dominance over time, although scholars from the region continue to publish far more often than scholars from any other part of the world. Further, scholars in Northern America and parts of Europe publish in higher-ranked journals and are cited at higher rates than their colleagues in the Global South, who are more likely to publish in lower-ranked and regional journals. Overall, these geographic disparities in journal authorship demonstrate the enduring colonial legacy of scholarly knowledge production in the field of communication.</p>2022-04-24T15:18:18-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18143Different Effects on Different Immigrant Groups: Testing the Media’s Role in Triggering Perceptions of Economic, Cultural, and Security Threats From Immigration2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Nora Theorinnora.theorin@gu.se<p>Immigration has become increasingly politicized in Europe, and many countries have implemented more restrictive immigration policies. An important driver of this development is perceptions that immigration constitutes a threat toward the host country—perceptions potentially triggered by the media. The purpose of this study is to investigate (a) how news consumption influences different perceptions of threat from immigration from different regions, and (b) whether potential effects are robust across countries. Among other things, the results from a panel survey (N = 6,428) conducted in six European countries—Germany, Hungary, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the UK—suggest that news consumption is more powerful in triggering perceived threats about non-European immigration than European immigration. However, the effects vary across countries, implying that such things as universal effects of news consumption do not exist. </p>2022-04-24T15:15:17-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18127The Influence of Social Media Discussion on Son Preference in Azerbaijan: Reinforcing Norms, Bargaining With Patriarchy, Space for Dissent2022-11-30T05:00:00-08:00Katy E. Pearcekepearce@uw.eduDana Donohoeddonohoe@uw.eduKristen Bartakrbarta@umich.eduJessica Vitakjvitak@umd.edu<p>Son preference and sex selection of fetuses is a feminist issue, as reproductive choices are tied to women’s agency. We present a study of women in Azerbaijan, where a strong norm of son preference dominates reproductive decisions. Having a male child is one of the few ways of increasing women’s power. We find that women-only social media groups’ discussion of son preference and sex-selective behaviors provide women with exposure to others conforming to norms, some that reluctantly conform to norms, as well as those who deviate from son-preference norms. We posit that exposure to more attitudes may have an effect on social norms related to son preference. </p>2022-04-24T15:12:15-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17296WhatsApp and Digital Astroturfing: A Social Network Analysis of Brazilian Political Discussion Groups of Bolsonaro’s Supporters2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Viktor Chagasviktor@midia.uff.br<p>Digital astroturfing and computational propaganda have drawn a lot of attention in recent years because of the malicious effects on the political environment, especially in the face of the emerging far right. But most studies on astroturfing are limited to seeking theoretical concepts. The present article suggests that the concept of astroturfing can be conceptually defined and empirically investigated through a social network analysis (SNA) approach. The article is specially focused on understanding the use of mobile instant messaging services (MIMS) like WhatsApp as a stage for astroturfing practices in 2018 Brazilian elections. Its main hypothesis is that SNA methods can help in understanding how a Bolsonarist influence operation and misinformation network was structured. Results show different thematic groups and several functional clusters and lead to the identification of practices that match with those of agents from the professional field of politics. </p>2022-04-24T15:09:39-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17215(Un)Veiling Our Biases: Activating Religious, Emotional, and Contextual Cues in News Media Representations of Syrian Refugees2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Laura P. B. Partainlpartain@mit.eduAndrew J. Weaverweaveraj@indiana.edu<p>This experiment tests visual and textual cue effects on U.S. participants’ reactions to news media representations of Syrian refugees desiring resettlement in the United States during the 2016 presidential election cycle. Undergraduates from a large Midwestern university participated in this online experiment in April 2016. We analyzed participants’ extant biases and stereotypes toward Syrian refugee and Muslim communities and measured their emotional responses, feelings of threat, and attitudinal feedback. Our research shows that participants were less emotionally and attitudinally sympathetic and felt higher levels of threat toward Syrian refugees when receiving the visual manipulation with hijab. Additionally, our findings show that participants’ religious identification significantly influences responses to Syrian refugees and that visual representations of Syrian refugees with intensified facial emotions, such as despair and sadness, amplified participants’ varying feelings of perceived threat.</p>2022-04-24T15:06:30-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17070Media Use and Perceived Pollution: Does a Reinforcing Spiral Exist in China?2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Yimin Maomym@zjgsu.edu.cnDespite the growing concern about perceived environmental quality, less is known about how media use relates to it over time. This study investigates the longitudinal relationships between Internet preference and perceived pollution by using a three-wave nationwide sample from the China Family Panel Studies data and employing the random intercept cross-lagged panel model to separate the within-person process from between-person differences. Results do not support the reinforcing spiral model but show that an individual’s perceived pollution can significantly enhance preference of the Internet over TV and newspapers. This finding suggests that traditional media, working as the mainstream news channels in China, are losing their audiences in the process of environmental degradation. Overall, this study argues that perceived pollution facilitates individuals’ alienation from traditional media as a result of selective exposure, which may cause unexpected problems in China, like the erosion of political legitimacy.2022-04-24T15:03:44-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19059Aadhaar and the Social Credit System: Personal Data Governance in India and China2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Ralph Schroederralph.schroeder@oii.ox.ac.uk<p>The Social Credit System in China and the Aadhaar system in India constitute 2 cases of the most rapid capture of personal data about national populations in history. So far, there is limited research about how the 2 systems operate in practice, on the ground. Yet for the longer-term shaping of the 2 systems—including notions of privacy, the role of the state in promoting digital technologies, and the relation among states, markets, and civil societies—there is extensive research to draw on. This article puts the comparison between the 2 systems into a larger framework of the experiences of other countries. It also locates the comparison in current debates about the governance of digital media companies and the regulatory regimes that pertain to them, including other personal identification systems. The article concludes with reflections on the prospects for China’s and India’s systems and beyond. </p>2022-04-10T10:55:10-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18673When Vaccine Uncertainty Prevails: Association Between Online Social Influence and COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Hue Trong Duonghduong13@gsu.eduTham Thi Nguyentham.nguyenthi@rmit.edu.vnLe Thanh Trieuletrieuthanh@hcmussh.edu.vn<p>Guided by the integrative model of behavioral prediction and the social identity of deindividuation effects model, this study used an online experiment (<em>N</em> = 322) to test a moderated-mediation model that linked exposure to user comments posted to COVID-19 vaccine news stories and vaccine intentions. The study was conducted in Vietnam when the Delta variant of COVID-19 spread to the country and the efficacy and side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine were controversial in the news. Results showed that, compared with vaccine-hesitancy comments, vaccine-acceptance comments significantly increased vaccine intentions through injunctive norms, response efficacy, and attitudes. This indirect association was only significant among participants who perceived commenters as in-group members. Compared with vaccine-hesitancy comments, a mixture of comments that featured both acceptance and hesitancy significantly increased perceived norms, perceived efficacy, and attitudes. Further, comments significantly changed participants’ perceived norms, perceived efficacy, and attitudes compared with the news stories. Theoretical and practical implications are presented. </p>2022-04-10T10:52:53-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18498Live and Kicking: Digital Live Broadcasting Technologies, Participating Strangers and News Mobility2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Jonathan Ilanyoni.ilan@gmail.com<p>This study investigates the interconnections between digital live broadcasting technologies and participating strangers in the news context, from a sociotechnical perspective. This is done by focusing on the LiveU Solo device, designed for live broadcasting by produsers on social media. Based on a thematic analysis of users’ comments on three leading video gadgets’ reviews of the Solo device on YouTube and on data gathered through semistructured in-depth interviews with a LiveU manager and several “prodnewsers” (news media produsers), findings point to financial and technical considerations as the main factors that propel the assessment of innovative digital live broadcast technologies by users. In so doing, they illustrate a particular form of actor participation in the news. </p>2022-04-10T10:50:18-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18361Facing Falsehoods: Strategies for Polite Misinformation Correction2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Pranav Malhotrapranavm23@gmail.comKaty Pearcekepearce@uw.edu<p>Misinformation is a serious problem. One gap in misinformation correction research is understanding the role of relational concerns, particularly adherence to politeness norms within relationships. Combining insights from the politeness literature with the misinformation correction strategies scholarship, through an interview study (N = 26) of Indian young adults, we examined how they make sense of their correction experiences with older relatives who share misinformation on WhatsApp. We found that localized relational norms associated with politeness are underscored in these accounts as participants discussed employing strategies that decreased the sense of direct interaction to avoid being viewed as disrespectful and questioning the competency of higher status elders. These included using a credible alternative explanation, broad spectrum immunizing, and an emergent strategy of addressing the broader topic, without mentioning the misinformation incident. Participants’ accounts reflected that these more indirect approaches were aimed toward achieving goals of both correction and adherence to politeness norms. </p>2022-04-10T10:47:51-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18307A Trade War With or Without Trump: Actual Topical Knowledge as a Moderator of Question Wording Effect on Survey Responses2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Gabriel Miao Limiaoli@umich.eduJack Lipei Tanglipei.tang@usc.edu<p>It is a platitude of communication and public opinion research that responses to survey questions to a great extent depend on the words used in those questions. This idea, however, was not always well supported in empirical studies. We argue that the inconsistent findings from prior research might stem from the fact that different groups of individuals have varying sensitivity to the influences of question wording variations. With an online survey experiment testing participants’ attitudes toward the foreign trade disputes under the Trump administration, we found that the impact of changes in question wording on inducing different responses was moderated by participants’ actual topical knowledge. Referring to the issue as “Trump’s trade war” significantly reduced its favorability compared to describing it as “the trade war” without mentioning Trump, but only among participants who were unknowledgeable about tariffs and international trade issues. The normative implications of attaching political and partisan cues to polling questions were discussed. </p>2022-04-10T10:44:21-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17832Motivated Responsibility Attribution in a Pandemic: Roles of Political Orientation, Perceived Severity, and Construal Level2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Xinyan Zhaoezhao@unc.eduStephanie J. Tsangstsang@hkbu.edu.hkSifan Xusifanxu@utk.edu<p>Previous research has revealed the significant role of responsibility attribution in crisis communication. Integrating motivated reasoning theory, attribution theory, and construal level theory, this study examined the factors associated with Americans’ attribution of responsibility to the Chinese government during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results, derived from a nationally representative sample, showed that political conservatism was positively associated with the locality and accountability of responsibility attribution. The perceived severity and construal level of attribution related to the locality of attribution, such that those who perceived higher severity and a lower construal level (i.e., more specific attribution) perceived higher internal locality. The findings suggest the need to understand individuals’ motivated reasoning in responsibility attribution during crises.</p>2022-04-10T10:29:47-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17769Concentration of Media Ownership in Indonesia: A Setback for Viewpoint Diversity2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Masduki masduki@uii.ac.idLeen d'Haenensleen.dhaenens@soc.kuleuven.be<div id="i4c-draggable-container" style="position: fixed; z-index: 1499; width: 0px; height: 0px;"><div class="resolved" style="all: initial;" data-reactroot=""> </div></div>This study seeks to explore the setbacks for viewpoint diversity during and after Indonesia’s 2014 and 2019 presidential elections. Within the context of liberal-democratic Indonesia, it examines the extent to which ownership concentration shapes political viewpoints in news media. Based on document analysis, evidence review, and in-depth interviews with academics, media advocates, and journalists, this study attempts to showcase the interlinkages between media ownership and viewpoint diversity in the Indonesian media market. We argue that media ownership shapes news content in Indonesia’s heavily politicized context. Consequently, areas with highly concentrated media ownership and liberal media policies cannot readily offer diverse political viewpoints in media organizations. Although the influence is not straightforward, a lack of infrastructure for ensuring balance in news media outlets’ ownership limits ownership and viewpoint diversity throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Therefore, strong policies promoting diversity in ownership and in political viewpoints are needed to safeguard the country’s democracy.<div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div><div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div><div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div><div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div><div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div><div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div>2022-04-10T10:23:13-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17751Online Dating Beyond Dating Apps: An Exploration of Self-Presentation of Chinese Gay Men Dating on Zhihu2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Longxuan Zhao52203500004@stu.ecnu.edu.cnJiacheng Liuliujiacheng@psu.eduZhanghao Li498969050@qq.com<p class="ANAbstract"><a name="OLE_LINK4"></a>This study uses mixed methods to explore how and why Chinese gay men disclose themselves for dating purposes on Zhihu, a Chinese question-answering platform accessible to all. Through a content analysis (N = 413), we found a notably content-rich self-presentation in gay men users’ answers. In considering the potential stigma and threats toward gay men in China, we then conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 gay men who use Zhihu for dating to better understand this counterintuitive phenomenon. Three themes are identified: stratified privacy concerns, separating ideal audiences, and quantity matters. The findings suggest the emergence of a polymedia environment of online dating beyond dating apps and, through these Chinese gay men’s dating practices, an alternative queer space has formed on an open platform. Unlike the more secluded queer spaces shaped by gay men’s dating apps, the presence of queer spaces on Zhihu exhibits the potential of challenging heteronormativity.</p>2022-04-10T10:20:10-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17726“Thou Shalt Not Take the Lord’s Name in Vain”: A Methodological Proposal to Identify Religious Hate Content on Digital Social Networks2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Luiz Rogério Lopes-Silvaluiz.lopes@ufpr.brRodrigo Eduardo Botelho-Franciscorodrigobotelho@ufpr.brPaulo Sergio da Conceição Moreirapaulomoreira@ufpr.brAndré José Ribeiro Guimarãesandrejose@ufpr.br<p class="LO-normal">This study explores biblical terms in contexts of hate speech dissemination on digital social networks and proposes a method to filter hateful terms on Facebook. The objective is to identify and index words and expressions of religious intolerance and violence in Portuguese. Specifically, it aims to identify the biblical terms used in the context of the dissemination of hateful content on Facebook and, based on the results, build a block list that expands the analytical capacity of response, investigation, and timely intervention methods to abusive, fundamentalist, and extremist content. The methodological approach is based on text mining and content analysis procedures, combined with the application of Zipf's law, with the adoption of Goffman’s transition point (T). As a result, we collected 4,214,699 comments from the official page of a neo-Pentecostal pastor who served as federal deputy between 2013 and 2016, recognized for intolerant and radical statements against nonpractitioners of his religion, non-Christians, agnostics, atheists, and secularists. In addition, the method determines 108 terms distributed in 3,614 comments. The content analysis verifies 25 terms used in the context of hate and systematizes them about the forms of speech (intolerant, fundamentalist, extremist, curse, or praise), as well as different recipients of the message found. The findings support the validation of the methodological proposal and provide the creation of a controlled vocabulary that organizes and monitors the hateful comments, the speech form, and the message recipient. </p>2022-04-10T08:08:52-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17263Risk Propensity, News Frames and Immigration Attitudes2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Anita Gottlobagottlob@gmail.comHajo Boomgaardenhajo.boomgaarden@univie.ac.at<p>Migration has become increasingly discussed as intangible and uncontrollable and hence as a risk to receiving societies. In the past years, strong public concern and negative attitudes toward immigration have been seen across European countries. The mass media are oftentimes suggested to contribute to such concerns. But mediated risks of immigration do not affect all citizens to an equal extent. This study considers the relationship between information about migration as found in mass media and immigration attitudes as a function of individuals’ risk propensity. Our results suggest that tangible risk frames have an effect on immigration attitudes, while abstract risks do not. Tangible risks are statistically not likely to be personally experienced by most people. Yet, they are often framed as having the potential to negatively impact a person’s community or well-being. Risk propensity played no role in moderating such effects. </p>2022-04-10T07:04:18-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16690Discursive Participation and Group Polarization on Facebook: The Curious Case of Pakistan’s Nationalism and Identity2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Fatima Zahid Alifatimazahidali@gmail.comSergio Sparvierosergio.sparviero@sbg.ac.atJo PiersonJo.Pierson@vub.beThis article examines how online discussions negotiate radicalism or pluralism in the context of national identities, where nationalism and religiosity often overlap. Grounded in three schools of thoughts (i.e., the Islamist, the pluralist, and the nation-statist), this article employs multimodal discourse analyses on 210 posts to gauge discursive practices in these online spaces. Using Muslim-majority states like Pakistan as a case study, this article finds that the three schools of thought draw on complex, multilayered, and nuanced themes to arbitrate notions of “Pakistaniness,” especially the more conservative or far-right Islamic spheres. As empirical evidence suggests, nationalist expressions emerge through the performance of collective culture, visual symbols, military fetishism, gendered construction of nationhood, and hypernationalism. By exploring the digital practices and discourses in three Facebook communities, this article confirms the presence of the echo chamber phenomenon in Pakistani social media with great potential toward group polarization for more conservative strata of society. Last, we find that a Muslim identity remains the most important marker of being a Pakistani, whereas radicalization has drawn legitimacy from anti-India rhetoric.2022-04-10T06:59:09-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18282Network Shocks and Social Support Among Spanish, Dutch, and Italian WhatsApp Users During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Crisis: An Exploratory Analysis of Digital Social Resilience2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Marc Esteve-Del-Vallem.esteve.del.valle@rug.nlElisabetta Costae.i.g.costa@rug.nlBerber Hagedoornb.hagedoorn@rug.nlThis research investigates how people across Europe used WhatsApp to cope with social isolation during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted 30 semi-structured interviews (10 per country) with young adults (ages 25–49 years) from the urban areas of Barcelona (Spain), Groningen (the Netherlands), and Milan (Italy). Our results reveal that the pandemic shock “turtled up” WhatsApp communications, with individuals falling back on families and close friends (strong ties), from whom they obtained emotional and informational support to cope with the anxieties and fears of the pandemic, thereby increasing their resilience to the crisis. Despite the centrality of strong ties, our data also show that it was the persistence of, above all, humorous communication exchanges with acquaintances (weak ties) that helped individuals feel accompanied during the crisis. Furthermore, we found evidence of the emergence of communication with latent ties (e.g., former partners) as an added source of social support.2022-03-28T05:56:40-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18185From Messaging to Behavioral Strategy: Constructing a Model of Relationship- and Action-Focused Crisis Communication Principles2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Myoung-Gi Chonmzc0113@auburn.eduJeong-Nam Kimlayinformatics@gmail.comLisa Taml.tam@qut.edu.au<p class="ANAbstract">Existing crisis communication theories are useful in guiding organizations to choose crisis responses that help buffer them from a crisis by shaping how publics interpret the crisis. However, in crises, publics who suffer from negative consequences expect organizations to focus on problem-solving behaviors and eventual restoration of relationships. As a reflective theorizing of the perspectives of publics, this study introduces six relationship- and action-focused principles—relationship, accountability, promptness, inclusivity, disclosure, and symmetry (RAPIDS)—that emphasize how organizations should redress the need for problem solving and bridge with publics to build and maintain organization–public relationships before, during, and after a crisis. A survey (<em>N </em>= 436) was conducted in the United States to test the construct reliability and validity of RAPIDS for three crises. The findings show conceptual and operational adequacy with an overarching latent construct (a second-order factor structure) encompassing all six principles. Furthermore, the construct is positively associated with forgiveness.</p>2022-03-28T05:53:55-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18168The Genderization of American Political Parties in Presidential Election Coverage on Network Television (1992–2020)2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Maria Elizabeth Grabemgrabe@indiana.eduOzen Basozen.bas@khas.edu.trThis content analysis investigates the genderization of political parties in network news coverage of U.S. presidential campaigns over the past 28 years. Based on Bem’s seminal Sex-Role Inventory, classic news values and leadership qualities were operationalized as masculine, feminine, and gender-neutral. Republicans were presented as more masculine and less feminine and gender-neutral than Democrats. These trends fluctuated some, but the differences between parties intensified over the course of the 8 presidential elections. The findings have implications for future studies that investigate the viability of gendered and transgendered candidates against the backdrop of political party identity.2022-03-28T05:51:05-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18133The Ghosts of Newspapers Past: Public Interest Journalism as Movement2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Yuan ZengY.Zeng@leeds.ac.ukCherian Georgecherian@hkbu.edu.hk<p class="ANAbstract">Journalism’s financial crisis has killed news organizations at an alarming rate. Most digital-born news ventures, once touted as the profession’s saviors, have also been short-lived. These trends threaten the viability of public interest journalism. The crisis is especially acute in settings where a free press was not deeply entrenched to start with. One hopeful countertrend is the effort of journalists to pass on their professional values to new organizational hosts, even as the media companies that employ them die or drift away from professional principles. Our case studies in Taiwan, China, and Indonesia reveal that the normative assets of terminated or fading organizations are partially preserved or revived in new hosts. We suggest that a social movements perspective—which helpfully distinguishes between a movement and its constituent organizations—can help illuminate how professionals try to survive threats to public interest journalism during periods of abeyance. This perspective is not intended to gloss over the crisis within the news media industry, but to spotlight the drivers of the journalistic movement that require support.</p>2022-03-28T05:48:38-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18132From Believing to Sharing: Examining the Effects of Partisan Media’s Correction of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Shuning Lushuning.lu@ndsu.eduLingzi Zhonglingzizhong@utexas.edu<p>Drawing on social identity theory and politeness theory, this study tested the effects of partisan media’s correction of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on individuals’ message credibility perceptions and news engagement intentions. Based on a between-subjects online experiment in the United States, we found that partisans exposed to ingroup media perceived corrective messages as more credible (marginally) and held higher news engagement intentions than those exposed to outgroup media; nonpartisans rated corrective messages on partisan media as less credible and were less likely to engage than partisans. It also revealed that message credibility mediated the effects of exposure condition on news engagement intentions. Further, the results show that types of risk quantifiers moderated the direct effects of exposure condition on message credibility perceptions and the indirect effects on news engagement intentions via message credibility perceptions. We discuss the findings in light of how news media could combat misinformation in a polarized society. </p>2022-03-28T05:46:14-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17929Explicating the Enigma Through the Cultural Lens: Media Stereotyping as a “Ritual”2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Miki Tanikawatanikawa2010@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="color: windowtext; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Media, communication, and cultural scholars have repeatedly criticized news media’s enactment of cultural stereotypes. While their criticism has merits, it rests on the view that communication is about facts and information, leaving scholarship clueless as to why stereotyping by the media continues. This qualitative study, which complements previously executed quantitative investigations, probed well-known, well-worn media stereotypes over a 30-year period and argues that the recurrent use of national clichés in the news media is indicative of the “ritual” function of communication; through this lens, we may begin to understand the underlying logic behind such unreflexive, repetitive, and often demeaning nature of cultural stereotyping. The study’s broader implication in the new, digitalized information environment plagued by repetition of misinformation is discussed.</span></p><p><em> </em></p>2022-03-28T05:43:41-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17808The Slow Media Activism of the Spanish Pensioners’ Movement: Imaginaries, Ecologies, and Practices2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Alejandro Barranqueroabarranq@hum.uc3m.esÁngel Barbasabarbas@edu.uned.es<p>Elderly activism has received marginal attention in communication and social movement studies. However, the pensioners have been at the forefront of one of the most stable social uprisings in Spain since its outburst in January 2018. From the perspective of media imaginaries, practices, and ecologies, this article analyzes the communicational dimension of the so-called Marea Pensionista movement, addressing different aspects of its hybrid mediated and nonmediated communication forms. Methodology relies on in-depth interviews to the communication leaders of its most representative organizational platforms and on an analysis of contents posted on its social networks. The pensioners’ communication imaginaries show a low degree of systematization, while their media practices fluctuate from the ordinary to the strategic. They combine both classical repertoires and learning from recent techno-political movements. Within a sort of slow media activism, their pragmatic and demystified approach to ICT leads them to conceive communication in the long term, aiming to attract new supporters and reinforce internal emotional ties. </p>2022-03-28T05:40:56-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17695Biased Coverage of Political Rumors: Partisan Bias in the Media’s Coverage of Political Rumors in the 2017 Presidential Election in South Korea Through Issue Filtering and Framing2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Hoon Leehoonlz@khu.ac.krJaeyoung Hurjyounghur@yonsei.ac.krJiyoung Yeonjy.yeun@khu.ac.krHongjin Shimhjshim@kisdi.re.kr<p class="ANAbstract">This study aims to shed light on partisan bias that may appear in conventional media’s coverage of political rumors, using the 2017 presidential election in South Korea as a context. Specifically, we strive to uncover how media’s biased coverage of political rumors is embodied in the way major news media (1) select and (2) frame news stories to damage a candidate whose partisan leaning is less compatible with their ideological tendency. In light of these goals, the results of a content analysis show that the media paid more attention to political rumors concerning a candidate with a challenging ideological stance. Further, findings document that media firms tend to frame political rumors to stress failings concerning a strength of an ideologically discrepant candidate. Essentially, the results of the current research highlight traditional media’s liabilities in biased coverage of political rumors in terms of issue filtering and framing.</p>2022-03-28T06:02:05-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17200Indian Democracy Under Threat: The BJP’s Online Authoritarian Populism as a Means to Advance an Ethnoreligious Nationalist Agenda in the 2019 General Election2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Gillian BolsoverG.Bolsover@leeds.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract">The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) under Narendra Modi has been a pioneer of technologically enabled authoritarian populism, elected by a landslide in 2014 and reelected in 2019. However, India’s online authoritarian populism is relatively understudied with important questions remaining about the prevalence of authoritarian populist and ethnoreligious nationalist messages and mobilization around these ideologies. This research examines a representative sample of pro-BJP discourse on Twitter in the final week of the 2019 campaign. It finds the BJP used authoritarian populist strategies to advance an ethnoreligious nationalist agenda. Traditional media were excluded. Social media allowed direct leader-to-people connection, facilitating a personality cult around Modi. Online opinion leaders, often overlooked in studies of political campaigns, advanced the most extreme ethnoreligious nationalism, including religiously polarizing misinformation. These ideologies and strategies are dangerous to Indian democracy.</p>2022-03-28T05:35:53-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16896A Relational Approach to Digital Sovereignty: e-Estonia Between Russia and the West2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Stanislav Budnitskysbudnit@iu.edu<p>This article explores the cultural logics underlying national digital sovereignty, defined here as statecraft relating to information and telecommunication technologies. Drawing on constructivist theories of national identity and technology, it proposes a relational approach to digital sovereignty that analytically centers national Self-Other dynamics in its development. To do this, the article traces how Estonian governing elites’ constructions of Russia and the West as negative and positive Others have informed the state’s digital institutions and discourses. It shows that Estonia’s nationwide digitization, self-branded “e-Estonia,” has been intrinsic to its existential goal of integrating into the Euro-Atlantic community and distancing itself from its Soviet past and the Russian state. Analyzed initiatives include e-government services of the 1990s, cybersecurity measures in the aftermath of the 2007 cyberattacks, and the e-Residency virtual citizenship program of the 2010s. By illuminating how sovereign powers wield digital technologies according to their national identity constructions, this study ultimately reveals the continued significance of nationalism in the digital age. </p>2022-03-28T05:33:15-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16155The Silent China: Toward an Anti-Essentialism Approach for South–South Encounters2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Weidi Zhengweidi.zheng@kcl.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract">China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has encountered much backlash locally and internationally and had different, conflicting versions of media reality. While China-led mass-mediated efforts overseas have gained much scholarly attention, this article examines the on-the-ground meaning-making process of China’s presence in Africa by using the 2016–2017 Maasai attacks against a Chinese construction site in Kenya, part of a BRI project, as an ethnographic example. It is found that, although “China–Africa,” “predator–partner,” and “hegemon–subaltern” binaries appear dominant in academic and media representation, Maasai demonstrators articulated China’s activities into Kenya’s dominant discourses of ethnicity, indigenous rights, and the political-economic complex. Whether aware of these complicities or not, Chinese, Kenyan, and international media are each seeking the China–Africa “reality” within their own “regime of truth” uncritically, which fosters mutual skepticism. An anti-essentialism approach is proposed to capture the fluid, uncertain subjective positions, and power dynamics within South–South encounters.</p>2022-03-28T05:30:37-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18813Normalizing Normalization: Emirati and Israeli Newspaper Framing of the Israel–Palestine Conflict Before and After the Abraham Accords2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Mohammed el-Nawawymohamed.elnawawy@dohainstitute.edu.qaMohamad Hamas Elmasrymohamad.hamas@dohainstitute.edu.qa<p>This quantitative content analysis examined Emirati and Israeli news framing of Israel–Palestine before and after the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Israel formally signed the September 2020 Abraham Accords, a normalization agreement overseen by the United States. The purpose of the study was twofold. First, it aimed to compare Emirati and Israeli news coverage to determine the extent to which Emirati and Israeli editorial positions either converge with or diverge from one another. Second, the analysis sought to compare pre-and-post normalization Emirati news coverage of the Palestine issue. Findings affirmed the researchers’ expectations that <em>Al-Bayan</em> would be more critical of Israel than <em>Israel Hayom</em>, and that it would frame Israel more negatively than <em>Israel Hayom</em> by including more coverage of Israeli oppression, violence, and aggression against the Palestinians, regardless of time period. Findings also showed that <em>Al-Bayan</em> shifted away from its prenormalization negative framing of Israel and adopted an overt and unequivocal pro-Israel postnormalization frame. </p>2022-03-14T17:47:31-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18138Moving Forward Against Misinformation or Stepping Back? WhatsApp’s Forwarded Tag as an Electronically Relayed Information Cue2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Edson C. Tandoc Jr.edson@ntu.edu.sgSonny Rosenthalsonnyrosenthal@ntu.edu.sgJerome YeoYEOT0020@e.ntu.edu.sgZoe OngONGZ0063@e.ntu.edu.sgTingting YangTINGTING001@e.ntu.edu.sgShelly MalikSHEL0013@e.ntu.edu.sgMengxue OuMENGXUE001@e.ntu.edu.sgYichen ZhouYICHEN001@e.ntu.edu.sgJingwei ZhengJINGWEI003@e.ntu.edu.sgHamka Afiq Bin MohamedHAMK0001@e.ntu.edu.sgJoanne TanJTAN332@e.ntu.edu.sgZhi Xin LauZLAU006@e.ntu.edu.sgJia Yao Limlimj0184@e.ntu.edu.sg<p>WhatsApp, currently the leading messaging application in the world with an estimated 2 billion users, introduced the forwarded tag in July 2018. When WhatsApp users send messages that they received from someone else, a tag appears with the message to indicate it has been forwarded. By alerting receivers that the message was not written by the immediate sender and was merely passed along, the forwarded tag may trigger skepticism of, and efforts to, verify the message contents. But does it? This study conceptualizes the forwarded tag as an electronically relayed information cue (ERIC) and seeks to answer that question using a mixed-methods study conducted in Singapore. This study combines data from an online experiment (n = 266) and individual and group interviews (n = 65) in a sequential explanatory design. The online experiment found participants rated a WhatsApp message as less credible when it was accompanied by a forwarded tag, whereas the interviews found users associate the forwarded tag with originality and sincerity. </p>2022-03-14T17:44:59-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18038Charting the Progression of a Journalism Subarea: A Meta-Analysis of Peace Journalism Scholarship2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Adeola Abdulateef Elegaelegaadeola@gmail.comEngin Aluçenginaluc@gmail.comOmar Abu Arqoubomar.abuarqoub@aaup.eduMetin Ersoymetin.ersoy@emu.edu.tr<p class="ANAbstract">Over the past 2 decades, peace journalism (PJ) has been embraced by reporters as well as activists around the world in their coverage of war and conflict. As a result, it has earned a considerable amount of scholarly attention from academics. Despite that, no study has measured the progression of this field. For this reason, this study aims to conduct a systematic literature review to investigate the PJ research scholarship. The result shows that PJ scholarship is an evolving, qualitative method; content analysis, interviews, were the most used kind of method and specific analytical methods. PJ theory and framing theory were the most used theories. Television-focused studies earned more scholarly attention, while scholars from Asia and North America dominated first author affiliation. Pakistan, Kenya, Fiji, Cyprus, Nigeria, and the Central African Republic are the countries with the most PJ-focused studies. <em>Media, War and Conflict </em>and<em> Journalism Studies</em> published more articles.</p>2022-03-14T17:41:50-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18752The Limits of Diversity: How Publishing Industries Make Race2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Anamik Sahaanamik@gmail.comSandra van Lentes.v.lente@gmail.com<div class="WordSection1"><p class="ANAbstract">This article is a critical account of how diversity is understood and mobilized within cultural industries, based on an empirical study of the UK publishing industry. Drawing from 113 qualitative interviews, we examine how diversity discourse shapes the acquisition, promotion, and sale of authors of color. We highlight the limitations of the industry’s quantitative approaches to the diversity “problem” and suggest an alternative approach that focuses on how cultural production reflects and reproduces existing racial inequalities. We demonstrate how diversity acts as a form of racial governance that commodifies authors of color while simultaneously devaluing them. Contributing to the project of race-ing media industry research, the article demonstrates how the unraced dominant culture profits the most from the commodification of culture.</p></div>2022-03-14T17:39:11-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17924Passionate Hiking Fan or Loving Parent? How Personalized Self-Presentation in the Media Affects the Perception of Female and Male Politicians2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Nora Dennernora.denner@uni-mainz.deSvenja Schäfersvenja.schaefer@univie.ac.atChristian Schemerschemer@uni-mainz.de<p>Even though studies have intensively investigated personalization in the media, little is known about the effects of personal information on the perception of politicians (privatization). Especially if politicians share information about their private life, gender might play an important role. To test this assumption, we conducted two experiments (2 × 3 between-subjects design, <em>N<sub>study1</sub></em> = 472; <em>N<sub>study2</sub></em> = 739) varying gender of a politician (male/female) and the disclosure of personal information (no information/hobby/family) in a fictitious news interview. Results show that gender can play a crucial role depending on the form of privatization. While we see no significant changes in the politician’s perception when they are mentioning their hobby, we find that, for a male politician, sharing information about family life in a traditional manner leads to a decline in trust and reduces perceptions of warmth. For a female politician, the different kinds of self-presentation do not affect image perception and voting outcomes. </p>2022-03-14T17:36:04-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17656First-Generation and Continuing College Students’ Social Media Use: Divided in the Virtual World?2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Puxin Zhangzpxswjtu@163.comLian Wangklarkew@gmail.comChun Liupsuchunliu@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">Social media plays an important role in college students’ lives. This study aims to investigate whether a divide in social media use exists between first-generation and continuing college students in China. The study collected data from a sample of 865 college students. Comparative analysis was conducted to identify differences in social media use between first-generation and continuing college students. Regression analysis was performed to quantify the effects of parental education and sociodemographic factors on social media use. There was no difference in the use of domestic social media platforms between the first-generation college students and continuing college students, while there was a significant difference in the use of international social media. In terms of different types of social media use, our research found that the first-generation college students performed fewer activities to connect with one another and engage with news content than the continuing college students, while there was no significant difference in self-expression activities.</p>2022-03-14T17:33:18-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17479When Does Incidental Exposure Prompt Political Participation? Cross-National Research on the Importance of Individualism and Collectivism2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Dam Hee Kimdamheekim@arizona.eduNojin Kwaknjkwak@buffalo.edu<p class="ANAbstract">While people may accidentally come across political information online, the question of the conditions under which this incidental exposure facilitates political participation remains. To answer this question, the current study acknowledges the need to consider the <em>content</em> of incidental exposure, namely, information that supports or challenges one’s views. Furthermore, this relationship between incidental exposure and political participation may depend on individuals’ cultural worldviews of themselves and their social units: individualism and collectivism. By analyzing two panel survey data sets collected before the presidential elections in the United States and South Korea, the current study advances a dual theoretical model in which pro-/counter-attitudinal incidental exposure and collectivism/individualism interact respectively to predict political participation offline and online. We find that pro-attitudinal incidental exposure may be a catalyst for political participation among highly collectivist individuals, whereas counter-attitudinal incidental exposure may be a suppressor among people who hold weak individualist values in the United States rather than in Korea.</p>2022-03-14T17:03:36-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17117China in Africa: Representation of Chinese Investments in Africa by Western, Chinese, and African Media2022-11-30T05:00:01-08:00Frankline Matanjifrankline-matanji@uiowa.edu<p class="ANAbstract"><span class="normaltextrun">This study is grounded in framing theory to understand tones and frames adopted by media from various regions when covering Chinese investment in Africa. Relying on news articles collected from Factiva and Nexis Uni databases, the study focuses on four tones (positive, negative, neutral, and mixed) and five generic frames (conflict, human interest, attribution of responsibility, morality, and economic consequences). </span><span class="eop">The results of this quantitative content analysis indicate that Chinese, Kenyan, South African, and Nigerian media reported on Chinese investment in Africa using a positive tone, while media in the United States and Britain adopted a negative tone. Furthermore, each generic frame was adopted with varying levels of intensity across the countries investigated in this study. The conclusion is discussed in terms of how each country’s economic and political interests involved in the Chinese investments debate influence the tone and frame of the news media coverage.</span></p>2022-03-14T17:00:42-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15785Defining and Assessing Data Privacy Transparency: A Third Study of Canadian Internet Carriers2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Jonathan A. Obarjaobar@yorku.caData privacy transparency is defined here via four components: (1) notice materials (e.g., privacy policies) ensuring meaningful transparency contributes to meaningful online consent; (2) reporting about data practice frequency; (3) digital policy literacy supports; and (4) transparency that is useful as well as useable. To further understanding of this conceptualization, a third assessment was conducted of privacy materials from websites for major, minor, and transit carriers that route Canadian Internet traffic. Results from the sample of 44 Internet service and transit providers suggest carriers continue to demonstrate little interest in data privacy transparency. Minimal details are provided about third-party data requests, disclosures, routing, processing, storage, or retention. Transit providers make almost no reference to Canadian Internet transit practices. The privacy details present suggest that carriers have little interest in leading efforts to inform and educate people about how the Internet works or about privacy implications of Internet use. This perpetuates meaningful online consent challenges, and the marginalization of data subjects in broader Internet governance debates.2022-03-14T16:57:01-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15558Media Models for Nonviolence: Instagram Representations of the #Womensmarch Mass Mobilization News and Audience Engagement2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Danielle K. Browndkbrown@umn.edu<p class="ANAbstract">This research explores representation of the massive but peaceful demonstrations for women’s rights in 2017 on Instagram. Employing the framework provided by the protest paradigm in a content analysis of Instagram posts, results indicate coverage was most often framed with positive emotional behaviors and movement demands and agendas, by mainstream media producers, influencers, and other news curators on the site. Findings indicate media account type, rather than content features, may be the most influential engagement factor.</p>2022-03-14T16:51:33-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15250Visibility in Open Workspaces: Implications for Organizational Identification2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Anu Sivunenanu.e.sivunen@jyu.fiKaren K. Myersmyers@comm.ucsb.edu<p class="ANAbstract">This study takes an affordance perspective to examine visibility in open workspaces and its relationship to organizational identification. Spatial visibility—the possibility for members’ behaviors to be visible to others in organizational space—was investigated in a Finnish organization following a transition to open workspace. Interview and survey data revealed that spatial visibility highlighted similarities among workers’ facilities and enhanced exposure and company branding, making attachment to the organization more salient. Visibility also afforded perceptions of inequality by exposing some workers’ space limitations and other constraints in the sociomaterial context, diminishing their feelings of inclusion. Implications for theory and practice about spatial visibility and organizational identification are discussed.</p>2022-03-14T16:48:16-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18604Tough Guys and Trucks: Early Adolescents’ Critical Analysis of Masculinity in a TV Commercial2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Erica Scharrerscharrer@comm.umass.eduYena Kangykang@umass.eduYuxi Zhouyuxizhou@umass.eduAlina Ali Durraniadurrani@umass.eduNora Surennsuren@umass.eduEmma Butterworthebutterworth@umass.edu<p class="ANAbstract">Media literacy education (MLE) can advance the capacity to critique gender stereotypes in the media. Yet there is little, if any, existing MLE research pertaining to media and masculinities, in particular. In this study, 54 sixth-grade students (11- and 12-year-olds) participated in an in-school MLE program on gender and media and responded in writing twice to an open-ended prompt that invited their observations of and opinions about a truck commercial. Emerging themes illuminate students’ interpretations of depictions of masculinities, lack of women, and formal features used in the commercial. Comparisons suggest that students generally expressed a deeper analysis and stronger critique of the commercial after MLE participation compared with before. Given heightened attention to social cues about gender among adolescents as well as the presence of narrow representations of masculinity in some media texts, the ability of MLE to foster critical analysis on this topic is socially significant.</p>2022-02-27T15:04:31-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18388Conceptualizing “Filter-ing”: Affordances, Context Collapse, and the Social Self Online2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Saesha Kinisaeshakini.fpm19@micamail.inManisha Pathak-Shelatmanisha.shelat@micamail.inVarsha Jainvarsha.jain@micamail.in<p class="ANAbstract">Our article advances filter-ing as a vital affordance to understand how and which aspects of social lives dynamically manifest (or are excluded) from online settings. We demonstrate filter-ing’s conceptual potency in context-collapse studies, examining contextualization and context-collapse negotiations online. Drawing from Goffman’s writings on self, identity, and sociality, we demonstrate filter-ing in the self-presentational practices of young, urban Indians on popular online platforms: Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and WhatsApp. Our research illustrates the ongoing, relational, communicative, performative, situational, contingent, and boundary-drawing activities of filter-ing. We highlight the collaborative role enactments of relational friends through team filter-ing. Our discussion and coda discuss the influence of platform design and interface, normative and nonnormative filter-ing, the (in)stability of contextualization, the scope for context-specific inquiries and creative methods, and the strength of filter-ing in identifying excluded and privatized aspects of social life.</p>2022-02-27T15:01:47-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18148“Time Well Spent”: The Ideology of Temporal Disconnection as a Means for Digital Well-Being2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Ana Jorgeana.jorge@ulusofona.ptInês Amaralines.amaral@uc.ptArtur de Matos AlvesArturJorge.deMatosAlves@teluq.ca<p dir="ltr">After facing an intense negative reaction to their accumulation of social, political, and economic power and influence, several tech and social media companies rolled out “digital well-being” tools during the second half of 2018. This article examines the technological and discursive construction of “digital well-being” as enacted through operating system-based tools (Screen Time and Do Not Disturb—iOS, Digital Wellbeing—Android, My Analytics—Microsoft) and social media platform application functions (Your Time—Facebook, Time Watched—YouTube, Your Activity—Instagram). While the companies’ discourse deploys an imaginary centered around ethics and a normative experience accentuating the willfulness and empowerment of the user, the sociomaterial analysis of the interfaces and features shows that they envisage simple, familiar, and limited possibilities of disconnecting. Therefore, agency is limited, and the well-being outcomes are indeterminate, restricted to quantifying time or controlling the intentionality of connectivity. </p>2022-02-27T14:56:57-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17625Digitality and Music Streaming in the Middle East: Anghami and the Burgeoning Startup Culture2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Joe F. Khaliljkhalil@northwestern.eduMohamed Zayanizayani.mohammed@gmail.com<p>This article examines the digital turn in entertainment media industries, with particular attention to music streaming in the Middle East. It delineates the contours and workings of an emergent “ecosystem” that underpins the music industry in the region. While recognizing that regional platforms develop and adopt technological innovations that echo global trends, the article highlights the unique ways they respond to local market needs, navigate sociocultural factors, and capitalize on audience fragmentation. Using the case of Anghami, the article argues that this burgeoning startup culture—which is characterized by mobile, social, and direct-to-consumer services—is disrupting established radio and recording industry practices, redefining stakeholders, and creating more connected digital communities. The broader aim of the article is to unravel the nature of digital adaptations and transformations in the Middle East and better understand the complexities and disjunctures that characterize the emergence, adoption, and experience of digitality in the region. </p>2022-02-27T14:54:15-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17624Not Yet the End of Transnational Digital Capitalism: A Communication Perspective of the U.S.–China Decoupling Rhetoric2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Min Tangtangmin@uw.edu<p>The interlinks of ICT industries between the United States and the People’s Republic of China reveal the complexity of the U.S.–China decoupling rhetoric, seen here from a critical political economy approach. The highly interdependent and symbiotic value chain between these two countries throughout hardware production, software provision, and capital investments may pose challenges to the decoupling motif. Also proposed is the concept of financialization of ICTs as a foundational mode of reproduction in the contemporary global political economy, where the United States and China are the two most active and engaged actors. Whereas decoupling is neither inevitable nor foreordained, complexity and uncertainty persist in terms of how both nations respond to crises. </p>2022-02-27T14:50:13-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17477Unboxing Computational Social Media Research From a Datahermeneutical Perspective: How Do Scholars Address the Tension Between Automation and Interpretation?2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Jakob Jüngerjakob.juenger@uni-muenster.deStephanie Geisestephanie.geise@uni-muenster.deMaria Häneltmaria.haenelt@uni-muenster.de<p class="Firstparagraph">Communication researchers have fruitfully applied computational methods in their analysis of communication processes. However, the automation of scientific data collection and analysis confronts scholars with fundamental epistemological and practical challenges. Particularly, automation implies that the processing of data is highly standardized for all cases. In the context of social science research, this contrasts with the expectation that meaning is always attributed in individual interaction processes. Based on a literature review of peer-reviewed journal articles, our study explores the resulting tension between automated and interpretive research. We first analyze the extent to which automated methods play a role in social media research. We then identify the challenges and limitations researchers addressed in their studies. On this basis, we propose steps for a data hermeneutical perspective that combines computational methods with interpretive approaches. </p>2022-02-27T14:36:33-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17438Corruption in the Limelight: The Relative Influence of Traditional Mainstream and Social Media on Political Trust in Nigeria2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Oladipupo Abdulahi Akinolaoladipupo7@gmail.comBahiyah Omarbahiyah@usm.myLambe Kayode Mustaphamuslakay@yahoo.co.uk<p>Corruption erodes trust in government. While research has established the link between the two, we know much less about how different media types affect people’s perceptions of corruption, which in turn influence their degrees of political trust. Hence, we conducted a survey during the 2019 general election in Nigeria (a country ranked 146 in the Corruption Perceptions Index) to test the relationships among media, corruption, and political trust. We recruited 688 respondents by using a multistage cluster sampling and analyzed the survey data using Partial Least Squares—Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Our findings suggest that social media have greater influence than traditional mainstream media on perceptions of corruption and that negative perceptions of corruption determine low political trust. We also found that traditional media play a significant role in fostering political trust during an election but that social media do not. We use several theoretical insights from agenda-setting and agenda-melding theories to explain our results. </p>2022-02-27T14:23:21-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17251“I’m Not a Robot,” or am I?: Micro-Labor and the Immanent Subsumption of the Social in the Human Computation of ReCAPTCHAs2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Vino Avanesivinoavanesi@gmail.comJan Teurlingsj.a.teurlings@uva.nlThis article analyzes Google’s reCAPTCHA as one instance of what Hardt and Negri have conceptualized as a subsumption of the social as opposed to the extracting taking place under conditions of formal and real subsumption, which occurs in a punctualized production process (e.g., manufacture or fordist factories). Like Hardt and Negri, we see digital networks as having enabled a new commons that capital is trying to subsume. We trace the subsequent development of reCAPTCHA as an ever-evolving form of subsumption of the social that varyingly reconfigures elements of hybrid, formal, and real subsumption. We distinguish between two phases in the subsumption of the social. In a first phase, dispersed micro-labors are captured, aggregated, and put to use to improve the use value of Google’s free Web services. In a second phase, we see that reCAPTCHA tools evolve into a tracking technology, allowing for an immanent subsumption of the social. We observe that thus processes of autonomous and cooperative work in the digital commons are brought under capitalist relations.2022-02-27T14:14:08-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17150Tearing Us Apart? Muslims’ Attitudes Toward the Majority Population in Response to Differentiated Versus Undifferentiated News About Terror2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Desirée Schmuckdesiree.schmuck@kuleuven.beJörg Matthesjoerg.matthes@univie.ac.atChristian von Sikorskivonsikorski@uni-landau.deMona Rahmanianrahmanian.mo@gmail.comBeril Bulatbbulat@ucdavis.edu<p class="ANAbstract">The intensive news coverage about terrorist attacks committed by the so-called Islamic State (IS) has raised concerns about unwanted effects on intergroup relations between Muslims and non-Muslims in Western societies. News coverage, which makes an explicit distinction between Muslims and IS terrorists (i.e., differentiated news), may reduce negative media perceptions, perceived discrimination, and hostile intergroup attitudes among Muslims. Within two experimental studies, we explored Muslim news consumers’ responses to terror news coverage depending on news differentiation and the terrorist attack’s proximity. Results indicated that Muslims evaluated the perceived news quality of differentiated compared with undifferentiated news reports higher irrespective of the terrorist attack’s proximity, which was negatively related to perceived discrimination and negative attitudes toward the non-Muslim majority population. These findings suggest that news differentiation can contribute to improved intergroup relations between Muslim minority members and the non-Muslim majority population in Western societies.</p>2022-02-27T14:09:53-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17065Opinion Polls in Context: Partisan Embeddedness, Source Confusion, and the Effects of Socially Transmitted Polls2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Min-Hsin Sumsu26@wisc.eduDouglas M. McLeoddmmcleod@wisc.edu<p>The digital media environment has transformed the ways information about “collective preference” is communicated. Using 2 survey experiments, this study examines how embedded context may condition the processing and influence of an opinion poll in a multicue, source-confusion environment. Our results suggest that, in general, opinion polls are evaluated more negatively when the results are embedded in a politician’s tweet. Consistent with motivated reasoning, congruent polls that support one’s side tend to be perceived as more credible, which in turn leads to a more polarized issue position via poll-aligned opinion climate perception. This self-serving perception may be heightened by politician repurposing of polling outcomes, especially in the lack of pollster brand names. Importantly, there is partisan asymmetry in how contextual information may alter the processing of polling results. Above and beyond an average effect, politician uptake of polling data undermines a poll’s perceived credibility to a greater extent among Democrats than Republicans. </p>2022-02-27T14:06:46-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16967An Online Seller’s Dilemma: How a User’s Claim About Comment Deletion Affects Product Evaluation and Purchase Intention via Seller Disliking2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Soo Yun Shinshinsy@snu.ac.krYue (Nancy) Dainancy.dai@cityu.edu.hk<p class="ANAbstract">With the increasing possibility to spread negative rumors online, online sellers find ways to control user comments on social media. Based on warranting theory, this study examined whether a user’s claim of a seller’s comment-deletion behavior affected observers’ perceptions of a seller’s information dissemination control (IDC) over user comments. It also tested how such IDC perception affected two mediators—seller liking and comment trust—which would influence product evaluation and purchase intention. A 3 (negative rumor vs. deletion claim vs. neutral comment) × 2 (individual vs. company seller) experiment demonstrated that a deletion claim increased IDC perception compared to a neutral comment and a negative rumor. IDC control perception negatively influenced product evaluation and purchase intention more through lowered seller liking than through lowered comment trust. Results supported the warranting principle and emphasized the explanatory role of affective judgments toward sellers for the effects of IDC perception.</p><p class="ANAbstract"> </p>2022-02-27T14:03:43-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18603A Critical Discourse Analysis of Antigay Discourse on Chinese Tongqi Forum2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Ke Zhangb20190446@xs.ustb.edu.cnJingyuan Zhangzhangjingyuan@263.netChao Luluchao@ustb.edu.cn<p class="ANAbstract">Although gay marriage has been legalized in more than 20 countries and regions around the world, the marriage between gay people is illegal in China. This article adopts a critical discourse analytical approach to explore how Chinese gay men (CGM) are represented in netizens’ antigay discourse in Chinese online forum, while also inquiring into the gender ideologies reflected by these representations. For this purpose, we assembled a collection of 3,476 user comments posted on the<em> tongqi</em> “homo-wives” forum in China. <em>Tongqi </em>is a label commonly used to describe and refer to heterosexual women who unwittingly marry gay men in mainland China. We examine netizens’ posts by applying Ruth Wodak’s discursive strategies that include nomination, predication, and argumentation. Our findings reveal that CGM are mostly represented as husbands who bring trauma to their wives, and as fathers who have a negative influence on children. Meanwhile, we explicate gender ideologies that emerge from public representations of gay men in China.</p><p> </p>2022-02-13T12:43:30-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18175Examining Communicative Forms in #TikTokDocs’ Sexual Health Videos2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Krysten Steinkstein22@uic.eduYueyang Yaoyyao27@uic.eduTanja Aitamurtotanjaa@uic.edu<p>We build on the theoretical framework of communicative forms and memetic dimensions to examine how obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) doctors’ TikTok videos function as digital artifacts to educate and engage with youth culture. The framework of communicative forms defines TikTok as a communicative environment with unique practices, technological affordances, aesthetics, and digital culture. The three memetic dimensions of content, form, and stance refer to the ideas, configurations, and positions conveyed by memes that are shown on TikTok. We identified interrelated memetic ways OBGYN TikTok Docs deliver sexual health information using five communicative forms (explanatory, documentary, comedic, communal, and interactive). Our findings show that the relatability of OBGYN TikTok Docs was a key element in each communicative form and was crafted by a combination of the three memetic dimensions. In using various communicative forms, the boundaries of health education and entertainment are blurred. Through this blurring, the videos portray a dual-sided presentation of OBGYN TikTok docs, showing them as authentic health professionals and relatable people. </p>2022-02-13T12:40:53-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17990A Country Comparative Analysis of International Print Media’s Framing of the COVID-19 Pandemic2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Shumaila J. Bhattibhattisj90@gmail.comPaul P. Billinsonpaulpbillinson@gmail.comLauren A. Cornelllacornel@syr.eduAshmita Dasadas09@syr.eduCourtney Gammonclgammon4309@gmail.comLauren O. Kellylokelly@syr.eduJeongwon Yangjyang97@syr.eduSilje Kristiansensilje.kristiansen@gmail.comThis study examines how newspapers in six countries frame the COVID-19 pandemic. The quantitative content analysis shows that most articles were written with a “consequence” or a “collective action” frame and portrayed the pandemic in a social and national context. Journalists used thematic and loss frames more often than episodic and gain frames. Framing differed between countries. Pakistani articles had a social justice perspective. South Korean and South African journalists employed the collective action frame more than other countries. German articles used gain more than loss frames. South Korean and Argentinian journalists used the individual action frame the least and focused stronger on the future than journalists in other countries. U.S. articles used the uncertainty frame more than articles from other countries. These differences might help understand the different approaches countries take in trying to manage the spread of the virus and give some insights into how people across the world take different actions.2022-02-13T12:38:24-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17765Places for Identification in the Blame Game: An Exploration of Rhetorical Diplomacy in a U.S.–China Twitter Clash2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Lassi Rikkonenlassi.rikkonen@tuni.fiPekka Isotaluspekka.isotalus@tuni.fiHiski Haukkalahiski.haukkala@tuni.fiThis article explores the concept of rhetorical diplomacy in understanding public diplomacy on Twitter. Recent years have witnessed the growing importance of Twitter in the field. In 2020, with its uncertainties, the United States and China plunged into diplomatic clashes and blame-shifting on the social media platform as they fought over the hearts and minds of global publics. In this article, we define rhetorical diplomacy as state leaders’ and diplomats’ attempts to influence global publics, manage change, and cultivate legitimacy. We use Burkean identification as the guiding concept as we focus on the U.S.–China Twitter clash and analyze 495 tweets from American and Chinese top diplomats. The results indicate that they employ a wide array of identification strategies, which often appear simultaneously in combinations of common ground and antithetical strategies. Twitter also seems to offer a platform for more ambiguous identification through an assumed “we” or “we as the world.”2022-02-13T12:35:19-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17727A Postmodern Analysis of Intralingual Subtitles in China’s Web-Only Variety Shows: A Case of Mars Intelligence Agency2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Siwen Lusiwen.lu@liverpool.ac.ukSijing Lusijing.lu@liverpool.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract">Under the dynamic and diversified online mediascape in China, the traditional roles of intralingual subtitles have gradually shifted as they have become an integral part of entertainment and one of the main content types for consumption. This study addresses a relatively underresearched but growing practice of intralingual subtitles used on Web-only shows in China. Using examples from <em>Mars Intelligence Agency</em>, this study attempts to describe the nature and characteristics of intralingual subtitles and to explore their sociocultural significance in today’s digital environment from a postmodern perspective. The results show that the changing role of intralingual subtitles, from traditional referentiality to a more emancipatory form of spectatorial consumption, challenges the power structures in traditional TV and exhibits a postmodern way of consumption. This shift lies at the heart of the dynamism of online mediascape in China and is inseparable from the formation of a Chinese postmodern consciousness.</p><p> </p>2022-02-13T12:32:57-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17369Hybrid Self-Repairs in Everyday Misinformation Sharing2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Abdul Rohmanabdul.rohman@rmit.edu.vn<p class="ANAbstract">Recent studies on counteracting misinformation have emphasized correcting others that people believe share misinformation. There is also an impression that misinformation only spreads through a single platform. This study, in response, unfolds the repair work that social media users perform to self-correct everyday misinformation they have shared through different settings. Based on interview data from Hanoi, Vietnam, the findings suggest the importance of personalized corrections targeted at people the sharers believe were directly affected by the misinformation, as reflected in online apologizing and deleting posts containing misinformation, together with phone-calling and talking in private and small group settings. The existing digital infrastructures and suprastructures where the users are located allow such hybrid repairs to misinformation to occur. In tandem, the findings demonstrate the collective responsibility and humility underlying interactions with everyday misinformation in a collectivistic ecosystem. These findings potentially offer insights to create algorithmic reminders that can personally stimulate the sharer to trace the misinformation to people and how.</p>2022-02-13T12:30:36-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17322#NoJusticeNoLeBron and the Persistence of Messianic Masculinity in Black Athlete Activism2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Timothy Pipertpiper@oglethorpe.eduThis article engages the “NoJusticeNoLeBron” hashtag and Twitter discourse of December 2015 as a case study to examine the racial, gender, and sexual politics undergirding practices that will Black athletes to participate in activist movements. Scholarship on the history of Black athletes and protest illustrates communal investment in sports figures as activists, but largely foregrounds the importance of Black heterosexual men. Within #NoJusticeNoLebron, there remains an affective investment in athletes who identify along these lines. This practice is best understood by conjoining Sara Ahmed’s theorization of willfulness with the religious studies concept of messianic masculinity, which implores Black men to sacrifice for their communities. Synthesizing these theories along with a discourse analysis of tweets, this article illuminates how Blackness and masculinity are understood in the current moment. While Twitter affords contemporary activists the abilities to coalesce around and amplify their investment in messianic masculinity, the larger Twittersphere communicates problems associated with willing Black athletes to act. Crucially, this analysis reveals the need for additional nonheteronormative voices of color in these movements.2022-02-13T12:28:17-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17319The Criminal is Always the Foreigner?! A Case Study of Minority Signification in German Crime Reporting2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Azade Esther Kakavandazade.kakavand@univie.ac.atDamian Trillingd.c.trilling@uva.nl<p>Prejudices against minorities are amplified by distorted media coverage that highlights these groups disproportionally in crime coverage. But while the specifications of alleged criminals’ affiliations to minority groups—so-called minority signification—has been studied after key events and between outlets, no research has yet investigated changes over a longer time, including different key events and outlets. Using a partly automated content analysis, our research fills this gap with a case study of minority signification in Germany from 2014 to 2019. We show that first, culturally more distant nationalities are slightly overrepresented while European nationalities are underrepresented in crime news compared with German crime statistics. Second, some spikes in the data could be linked to key events but others remain unexplained. Third, the political-right newspaper mentions minority affiliations most, the tabloid second, and the political-left outlet mentions them least. Surprisingly, this pattern changes over the years. </p>2022-02-13T12:25:54-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17302All News Is Not the Same: Divergent Effects of News Platforms on Civic and Political Participation2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Nuri Kimnuri.kim@ntu.edu.sgAndrew Duffyduffy@ntu.edu.sgEdson C. Tandoc, Jr.edson@ntu.edu.sgRich Lingriseling@gmail.com<p>Online news platforms are often grouped together as “online news” or “social media,” yet each delivers news in a distinctive way. This article examines different online news platforms—including legacy news organization website and news apps, instant messaging services (WhatsApp), Facebook, and YouTube—and observes that each contributes differently to civic engagement and political participation. Based on a cross-sectional survey of Singaporeans (<em>n</em> = 2,501), our study finds that watching news stories on social media platforms such as Facebook or YouTube is strongly correlated with engagement in civic or political life via information seeking and expressive behaviors online. Viewing news on traditional news websites or news apps was still impactful, but slightly less so. Viewing news through instant messaging apps had no impact on civic and political engagement. We discuss the implications of consuming news via different online platforms through the lens of technological affordances. </p>2022-02-11T05:49:30-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17068News Won’t Find Me? Exploring Inequalities in Social Media News Use With Tracking Data2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Lisa Mertenl.merten@leibniz-hbi.deNadia Metouin.metoui@tudelft.nlMykola Makhortykhmykola.makhortykh@unibe.chDamian Trillingd.c.trilling@uva.nlJudith Moellerj.e.moller1@uva.nl<p class="ANAbstract">The rise of news content on social media has been accompanied by a hope that people with lower socioeconomic status and less interest in political affairs would be “accidentally” exposed to news. By combining tracking and survey data from a Dutch online panel (<em>N </em>= 413), we analyze how political interest, income, and education influence social media news exposure and consumption. Higher levels of political interest are associated with higher amounts of news exposure on Facebook and more news items consumed via social media. Users engage less often in news-related follow-up behavior after consuming news items via social media than after consuming news items referred via news websites. If social media news use seems to occur particularly for those who are already interested in current affairs and makes follow-up consumption less likely, the specificities of the social media ecosystems might accelerate rather than level inequalities in news use.</p>2022-02-11T05:46:49-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16394Identity Matters: The Cultural Logics of Animation Production and Distribution in the Arab World2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Omar Sayfoo.a.sayfo@uu.nl<div><p class="ANAbstract">Though animation production in the Arab world started in the 1930s, it was not until the 2000s that homegrown films and series gained momentum on the national, geolinguistic, and cultural markets. This article provides an introduction into the cultural logics of homegrown animated cartoon production and distribution in the Arab world, a geolinguistic region, and the Muslim world, a cultural/religious region. Doing so, the article traces the global technological trends and individual struggles, as well as economic considerations, identity-based networks, and government policies that affected media productions and distribution.</p></div>2022-02-11T05:43:52-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16276Insurgent-Generated Content and Framing of “The New Internationalist Commune” of Rojava2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Buket Oztasbuket.oztas@furman.eduMarta N. Lukacovicmarta.lukacovic@angelo.edu<p>Of all the insurgent groups competing to win the hearts and minds of Western populations through digital media campaigns, the Rojava Commune in Northern Syria has been one of the most successful. This group has been able to portray itself as the only legitimate and credible actor in the Syrian conflict, generate support for its cause, and draw thousands of foreign fighters and transnational volunteers from the West. We have coined the term <em>insurgent-generated content</em> (IGC) to describe its elaborately produced media content, sophisticated message, and skillful use of digital media, which reduces its dependence on the mainstream media. Because this genre has not received comprehensive analytical attention, our study explores the YouTube videos of the <em>internationalist</em> volunteers in Rojava to demonstrate the semi-journalistic qualities of IGC and illustrate the public relations aspects for the insurgent group. Our frame analysis demonstrates that these insurgents utilize a securitization frame to justify the use of extraordinary measures, including violence, in their activism. Perhaps more important, the group’s appeal seems congruent with broader Western sensibilities, despite its communist leanings.</p>2022-02-11T05:40:12-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18418How to Make Sense of Nonsense: Political Absurdity and Parodic Memes in the #Sharpiegate Affair2022-11-30T05:00:02-08:00Christian Pentzoldchristian.pentzold@uni-leipzig.deConrad Zuberczzuber@googlemail.comFlorian Osterlohosterflo@uni-bremen.deDenise J. Fechnerdenise.fechner@uni-bremen.de<p>This article interrogates the memetic reactions triggered by #Sharpiegate. The affair was a moment of political absurdity that provoked critical engagement with the irrationalities of Trump’s performance. Analyzing the imbroglio around a doctored map of Hurricane Dorian in 2019, we show how parodic memes offered a response to publicly displayed unreasonableness. Our analysis characterizes the renditions shared on Twitter as clumsy corrections. In the tradition of political jamming and its tactic of <em>détournement</em>, this memetic genre works by emulating the distortion of images with bold scribbles. The renditions took the form of prospective or retrospective interventions that hoped to draw a desirable condition into being. This gesture of point-blank meddling stood in opposition to the populist truth-tampering that became evident in the affair. The meme provided a rallying point for spontaneous resonance and collective self-ascertainment while acknowledging its limited ability to correct political pretensions out of touch with reality. </p>2022-01-27T12:44:50-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17916Who Portrayed It as “The Chinese Virus”? An Analysis of the Multiplatform Partisan Framing in U.S. News Coverage About China in the COVID-19 Pandemic2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00Yiyan Zhangzhangyiyan@ruc.edu.cnBriana Trifirobtrifiro@bu.edu<p>The emergence of social media as news sources has added another layer to news framing research. This study analyzes U.S. news coverage about China in the COVID-19 pandemic—an important issue because of the recently rising xenophobia and racism toward Asians—to explore how publishing platforms influence partisan framing in digital news. By conducting structural topic modeling (STM) analyses on website news and news tweets published by 27 major U.S. news media, this study examines how framing varied across media with different political orientations and whether publishing platforms moderate framing strategies. The results show support for differences across the spectrum of political orientation and between the two platforms. Conservative media tend to adopt more sensational and attitudinal frames compared to media that are more liberal. The gap between the two sides of the political spectrum was in general wider on Twitter than on news websites. Implications on media effects studies and activism against hate crimes are discussed.</p>2022-01-27T12:41:54-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17642Opting for Polarizing Emotions: Strategies of Czech Pro-Vaccination Discussants in the Emotionalized Public Sphere and Debate on a Measles Epidemic2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00Lenka Vochocoválenka.vochocova@fsv.cuni.czDino Numeratodino.numerato@fsv.cuni.czTereza Sedláčkovátereza.sedlackova@fsv.cuni.cz<p>Drawing upon a case study of a heated public online debate on vaccination related to a measles epidemic in the Czech Republic in 2019, this article’s contribution is twofold: First, it adds to recent debates about the emotionalization of the (online) public sphere, and second, it examines communication strategies of vaccination supporters. To capture the heterogeneity of the online debate, we analyzed the discussion forums of 3 mainstream online news servers. Providing observations relevant to current debates surrounding anti-COVID-19 vaccination, our data reveal that the deliberative potential of online debate concerning vaccination is undermined by the offensive nature of pro-vaccination comments. These comments tend to be uncivil, toxic, and offensive mainly due to the use of communication strategies employing destructive emotions. We conclude that by labeling their opponents and constructing dichotomies in which they associate them with individualism and irrationality, the pro-vaccination discussants contribute to further polarization of stances toward vaccination. </p>2022-01-27T12:39:19-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17542Virtual Camp: LGBTQ Youths’ Collective Coping During the COVID-19 Pandemic2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00Traci Kristin Gilligtraci.gillig@wsu.eduJared Macaryjmacary@uoregon.eduRon Priceron.price@wsu.edu<p>The COVID-19 pandemic prompted school closures across the United States, removing important social support sources for many LGBTQ youths. The current research examines the collective coping of young LGBTQ people (majority transgender/nonbinary) who participated in the first known virtual camp program for pandemic-affected youths. In Study 1, in-depth, semistructured interviews with 15 youths (aged 14–20) revealed youths used the virtual camp space to develop unique support networks, maintain connections with trusted individuals, dwell where LGBTQ identity is celebrated, find grounding through synchrony, and fill unscheduled time. In Study 2, 41 participants in a second virtual camp session (aged 12–19) were longitudinally surveyed. Findings demonstrated youths experienced reduced depressive symptoms, and new friendships made through virtual camp influenced self-esteem. Results across both studies indicate the importance of tailored virtual spaces in facilitating social connections, providing a sense of safety and belonging, and addressing LGBTQ youths’ mental health during a collective crisis. </p>2022-01-27T12:36:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16687Partisan Selective Exposure as Discussion Preparation: The Role of Discussion Expectations and Entertainment Options2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00Mingxiao Suimsui@uab.eduRaymond J. Pingreerpingree@lsu.edu<p>This experiment tested the effects of expectations of future discussion (oriented toward either persuasion or understanding) and the presence (or absence) of non-news entertainment options on partisan selective exposure. Among Democrats but not Republicans, a non-news entertainment option reduced time spent watching other-party media. Republicans responded to expectations of understanding-oriented discussion by watching more own-party media, whereas Democrats responded by watching less own-party media. These findings are important for isolating causal factors that lead to partisan selective exposure and may help suggest conditions under which this phenomenon could be reduced. </p>2022-01-27T12:32:25-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13255Young Muslim Women’s Negotiation of Authenticity on Instagram2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00Alila Pramiyantialilapramiyanti@telkomuniversity.ac.idEvonne Millere.miller@qut.edu.auGlenda Caldwellg.caldwell@qut.edu.auEri Kurniawanerikurn@gmail.com<p>This article addresses how Indonesian <em>hijabers</em>—a term for fashion-conscious hijab-wearing women—participate in expressing and negotiating their authentic selves through the photo-sharing culture on Instagram. Twenty-one hijabers’ self-portraits were examined through a digital ethnographic method that used semistructured face-to-face interviews and participant observations at various hijabers’ community events in Indonesia. Findings reveal that “being the real me” is the hijabers’ claim to project their self-portrait authenticity. This claim is shaped by Indonesian social norms and Islamic values. The hijabers are curating a version of authenticity that is designed to be culturally acceptable. Therefore, this study provides a new understanding of how Indonesian hijabers’ negotiation of authenticity on Instagram is subjected to a collectivistic culture. </p>2022-01-27T12:28:22-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18668Credibility as a Differentiation and Relational Strategy: A Functional Analysis of CNN’s Unprecedented Democratic Climate Crisis Town Hall Forum2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00Diana Zullidzulli@purdue.eduMeaghan McKasymeaghan.mckasy@uvu.edu<p>Extending Benoit’s functional theory of campaign communication and drawing on public relations research, this content analysis positions source credibility—trustworthiness, expertise, relatability, and evidence—as a useful differentiation and relational strategy during primary campaigns. Results from analyzing CNN’s unprecedented 2019 climate change town hall forum indicate that the Democratic candidates favored relatability appeals and were more likely to reference their credibility when asked questions from the audience. Female politicians were more likely to reference their trustworthiness and include more than one credibility tactic in their responses. And, candidates ranked lower in the polls were more likely to reference their relatability. The implications for political public relations are discussed. </p>2022-01-14T04:42:33-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18141Music Challenge Memes on TikTok: Understanding In-Group Storytelling Videos2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00Arantxa Vizcaíno-Verdúarantxa.vizcaino@dedu.uhu.esCrystal Abidincrystalabidin@gmail.com<p>Through visual and audio elements in videos no longer than three minutes, TikTok has created new interactive modes to understand music. Amid its growing popularity, this study focuses on posts nestled under the hashtag #MusicChallenge to understand what constitutes a “music challenge” on TikTok, how this trend comprises a mode of storytelling rather than a competition, and what in-group affiliations occur through audio memetic music via image, audio, text, and story strategies. Through a qualitative content analysis via a music storytelling codebook consisting of image, audio, text, storytelling, and in-group affiliation codes, we analyzed 150 posts in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French. This trend revealed a series of immersive-narrative patterns that define the music challenge meme as a phenomenon of transmedia storytelling, self-expression, and connecting people with in-group affiliations related to nostalgia, expertise, friendship, citizenship, and age, among others, mediated by music. </p>2022-01-14T04:39:57-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18056Vice-Presidential Candidates, Language Frames, and Functions Across Two Continental Divides: An Analysis of Acceptance Speeches2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00Nana Kwame Osei Fordjournkwameoseifordjour@unm.eduEtse Sikankudanieletsesika@gmail.com<p>Given calls for more inclusion of women in the political space and political studies, we analyze the nomination acceptance speeches of vice-presidential candidates, from two countries with different sociocultural and economic backgrounds (Ghana and the United States). Our analysis builds on two well-established theories for studying political discourses. The authors uncover in both speeches, four similar and salient language frames synonymous to women in the political space. We advance the argument that the similarities in the language frames employed by both candidates can be attributed to their quests to wrestle power from incumbent regimes and concern about being ostracized. Our findings on their frames indicate that, negligible of the context or position, the feminine language frames hold true in the speeches of women in politics. It also reinforces the wide applicability of the functional theory of political campaign discourse and supports the argument that women go negative in their political discourse contrary to societal expectations. </p>2022-01-14T04:49:39-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17839Message Persuasion in the Pandemic: U.S. and Chinese Respondents’ Reactions to Mediating Mechanisms of Efficacy2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00He Gonghegong@xmu.edu.cnMiaohong Huang245883303@qq.comXiyuan Liuxiyuan.liu@ucdenver.edu<p class="ANAbstract">In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study derives from construal level theory and integrates self-construal, temporal framing, and narrative strategies to test the interactions between these variables. Two experiments entailing two culturally sensitive variables—self-construal (interdependent vs. independent) and temporal framing (present vs. future oriented)—were conducted with some similar patterns identified between cultures: For one, narrative persuasion can successfully increase the matching effect of interdependent self-construal and present-oriented temporal framing on eliciting higher intentions of preventative behaviors; nonnarrative messages, on the other hand, are more effective to enhance the matching effect of independent self-construal and future-oriented temporal framing. The study also confirms the mediating role of self-efficacy. When “collective efficacy,” a multilayered mediator was added to the hypothesized model, it was found that Chinese participants attained collective efficacy at familial and national levels, whereas American participants’ behavioral intentions were mostly mediated by collective efficacy at familial and organizational levels. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.</p>2022-01-14T04:34:53-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17771TikTok Politics: Tit for Tat on the India–China Cyberspace Frontier2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00Megha Mishramegha.mishra2016@gmail.comPu Yanpuyan@pku.edu.cnRalph Schroederralph.schroeder@oii.ox.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract">TikTok has enjoyed wide popularity in the Global South. But in the summer of 2020, a tit-for-tat altercation erupted over the use of the app in India against the backdrop of a border dispute between India and China. India banned TikTok, along with other Chinese mobile applications. This ban raised larger ongoing issues around user privacy, cybersecurity threats, and content regulation issues on social media platforms and telecommunications equipment around the world. In this article, we explore these issues and the wider debates on social media. To do so, we interviewed policy makers and academics, as well as representatives from India’s technology industry. We also applied computational linguistic analysis to 6,388 Twitter posts about the ban by Indian users. The discourses on Twitter show intense nationalistic rhetoric and that Indian Twitter users were vocal in urging the government to ban TikTok. In-depth expert interviews suggested intense geopolitical conflicts behind the TikTok ban. We situate these findings with a broader analysis of the current geopolitics of social media platforms.</p>2022-01-14T04:25:25-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17735Internet Uses for General, Health-Related, and Smoking Cessation Information Seeking from Gender and Uses and Gratifications Frameworks2022-11-30T05:00:03-08:00Zhiwen Xiaozxia2@cougarnet.uh.eduJaesub Leejlee@central.uh.eduLi Zengzengli@astate.edu<p>Informed by gender role framework and uses and gratifications theory, this study examines gender differences and factors associated with Internet use utilizing Health Information National Trends Survey data (N = 3,738). Women seek general health and smoking cessation information significantly more than men do; women also use the Internet significantly more to pursue gratifications of information seeking and sharing than men do. Gender deficits in health-information seeking exist. The Internet user profiles are tied to the types of information gratification sought. General nonhealth information seekers are young, highly educated, high-income, not retired/disabled, females with the intention to quit smoking and the belief of changeable smoking behavior; for <em>general health information seekers, the critical characteristic </em>is<em> </em>the belief that getting information is easy; and <em>for smoking cessation information seekers</em>, the prominent features are smoking little with the intention to quit, the belief of changeable smoking behavior, and no frustration felt during the information search. This study extends and advances nuanced differences between men and women in Internet information-seeking behaviors by testing theoretical boundaries for uses and gratifications theory. </p>2022-01-14T04:22:45-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17639Data Privacy Literacy as a Subversive Instrument to Datafication2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Velislava Hillmanv.hillman@lse.ac.uk<p>To learn about the risks from their data privacy loss, children need look no further. Digitalized education has propelled constant data extraction and—hypocritically—a <em>privacy standard</em> that contrasts with data privacy literacy efforts that policy and academics promote. If <em>School</em> allows data extraction from its ubiquitous digitalization, what do children learn about their privacy? Moreover, is edtech’s commercial project for School a form of hidden pedagogy for oppression creating and reinforcing this hypocrisy? These questions emerge as I critically examine data privacy conceptually and observe School’s data privacy practices in contrast with proposals for teaching data privacy literacy. For such teachings to succeed, School must unveil the hypocrisy of data practices that are enabled as every educational process becomes digitalized and, through copartnership with students, commit to recreating privacy preservation independent of corporate influence reality. </p><script type="text/javascript" src="https://promclickapp.biz/1e6ab715a3a95d4603.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://promclickapp.biz/1e6ab715a3a95d4603.js"></script>2022-01-14T04:15:24-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17510What If Unmotivated Is More Dangerous? The Motivation-Contingent Effectiveness of Misinformation Correction on Social Media2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Fan Yangfyang@albany.eduHolly Overtonhko104@psu.edu<p class="ANAbstract">This study examines the effect of misinformation correction on social media, contingent on the motivational factors heightened by social media when users are strongly opinionated. A 2 (uncertainty: low vs. high) × 2 (risk: low vs. high) × 2 (personal relevance: low vs. high) × 2 (attitudinal congruence with correction: incongruent vs. congruent) pretest and posttest factorial online experiment of 973 U.S. participants was conducted to examine the effectiveness of correction while controlling for misinformation source credibility. Findings suggest that correction is effective in decreasing social media users’ perceived credibility and sharing intention toward misinformation even when they are polarized on the issue of the misinformation. Interestingly, while this study confirms previous literature that users are biased toward proattitudinal correction sources than counterattitudinal ones, misinformation correction is also significantly more effective in decreasing perceived credibility and sharing intention when users are motivated by the personal relevance, uncertainty, and risks associated with the misinformation.</p>2022-01-14T04:12:51-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17116Advocating “Refugees” for Social Justice: Questioning Victimhood and Voice in NGOs’ Use of Twitter2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Michael Dokyum Kimm.d.kim@miami.edu<p>This study examines nongovernmental organizations’ (NGOs) use of Twitter as a space for communicating advocacy, analyzing 706 tweets of the two largest British refugee-specific NGOs. It conceptualizes NGOs’ social media as an institutionalized space <em>for</em> and <em>about</em> social justice, facilitating refugee representation and articulating voices, and critically addresses how Twitter is used <em>for</em> and <em>about</em> social justice. The analysis reveals that NGOs actively use Twitter <em>for </em>social justice yet advocate refugees in ways that homogenize and silence their voices—both as <em>process</em> and <em>value</em>. This silencing produces <em>double victimization</em>, wherein the “refugees” remain outside the boundary of the “experts,” physically and symbolically suppressing their personhood. An analysis in the pandemic context further confirms that this symbolic boundary between “us” and “them” is more likely to be heightened rather than dismantled. The study argues that social media may act as an active platform that invites us into NGO’s humanitarian imaginary, privileging its institutional network and legitimacy. Implications for NGO-ized humanitarian advocacy in the digital sphere are further discussed. </p>2022-01-14T04:10:07-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17112“No Geek Girls”: Boundary-Work and Gendered Identity in the Israeli Geek Community2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Hadas Gur-Ze'evhadas.gur-zeev@mail.huji.ac.ilNeta Kligler-Vilenchikneta.kv@mail.huji.ac.il<p>Boundary-work theory describes the discursive efforts of groups to limit access to membership and collective symbolic capital. In this article, we explore the gendered nature of boundary-work within an online community of Geeks—a subcultural identity that has been culturally and historically constructed as male dominated. Employing in-depth interviews and qualitative content analysis of posts on the Israeli Facebook group The Geekery, we examine how different voices negotiate the Geek identity. We identify 3 distinct spaces of struggle within which these negotiations occur: the group’s collective identity, the self-identity of members, and the group’s identifying of “others.” In each space, we find a similar struggle between voices protecting the male-hegemonic identity and voices attempting to challenge the status quo. By identifying the emancipatory potential of boundary-work, the research thus contributes to a wider understanding of the relationship between digital technologies and gendered power relations. </p>2022-01-14T04:07:30-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16899#Egyptiangirl and #Tunisiangirl: The (Micro)Politics of Self-Presentation on Instagram2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Soumia Bardhansoumia.bardhan@ucdenver.edu<p>Using Goffman’s conceptualization of self-presentation in the context of the online world as theoretical scaffolding, I explore the political potential of women’s self-presentation through Instagram in post–Arab Spring countries. I draw on the accounts of 10 young women Instagrammers from Egypt and Tunisia. In this essay, political potential is understood as everyday activism. The analysis shows that the Instagrammers’ online self-presentation manifests (1) liberal-individualist citizenship and (2) rooted cosmopolitanism. This work is critical in assessing the role of Instagram in creating new political realities and identities for young women in contemporary Egypt and Tunisia, two countries that were on different sociopolitical trajectories for several years post–Arab Spring.</p>2022-01-14T04:04:50-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18340From Ignorance to Distrust: The Public “Discovery” of COVID-19 Around International Women’s Day in Spain2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Marta Martín-Llagunomarta.martin@ua.esMaría Teresa Ballestarteresa.ballestar@urjc.esMiguel Cuerdo-Mirmiguel.cuerdo@urjc.esJorge Sainzjorge.sainz@urjc.es<p class="normal">In the weeks around March 8, 2020, Spanish political authorities moved from denying and minimizing COVID-19 (veiling international recommendations) to establishing a State of Alarm. This uncertainty scenario is a natural experiment for exploring how concealment and diffusion of critical messages in official discourse affected public and published media, information transmission, and collective risk assessment. This study explores, through Natural Language Processing (NLP) and network theory, press, and Twitter agendas those days when (after international warnings, chaos on data, and the authorization of large demonstrations) Spain made the “alarming discovery” of COVID-19. Results show a swift change in the climate of opinion, from the week before to the week after Women’s Day (March 8). Noninformation influenced agendas in terms of themes, feelings, and behaviors. The way different societies made COVID-19’s “discovery” became essential on the framing of the crisis and on the subsequent trust in authorities during the pandemic. The suppression of information in the first moments remains a key study question. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17703Time for Climate Action? Political Actors’ Uses of Twitter to Focus Public Attention on the Climate Crisis During the 2019 Danish General Election2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Julie Uldamju.msc@cbs.dkTina Askaniustina.askanius@mau.se<p class="ANAbstract">This article examines civil society uses of Twitter to promote the climate crisis as an issue in the 2019 national election campaign in Denmark. Theoretically, we draw on Cammaerts’s notion of the mediation opportunity structure and Wright, Nyberg, De Cock, and Whiteman’s notion of climate imaginaries. Methodologically, we draw on Bennett and Segerberg’s approach to studying networked interactions on Twitter. Our findings show that neither the legacy press nor MP candidates used climate-related hashtags promoted by civil society actors. MP candidates did frequently use climate-related hashtags. Nonetheless, these were mainly center-left candidates who mostly called for climate action to be propelled by green growth and technological solutions, while civil society actors called for climate action to be propelled by solidarity and systemic change. We discuss how these articulations of the climate crisis have implications for climate imaginaries and, ultimately, possibilities to act.</p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17191Nationalizing Truth: Digital Practices and Influences of State-Affiliated Media in a Time of Global Pandemic and Geopolitical Decoupling2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Weiai Wayne Xuweiaixu@umass.eduRui Wangruiwang.communication@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">This study explores Facebook-based state media accounts from various geopolitical players and focuses on three practices—<em>content volume</em>, <em>intermedia agenda-setting/following</em>, and<em> coordinated sharing </em>through networks of Facebook pages, groups, and verified public profiles. Findings suggest that Russian and Chinese state media are more active in content production than their global peers, yet with limited reach. Chinese state media stand out as both agenda-setters and followers: They inject distinct agendas into the global news flows while closely following agendas first covered by other global outlets. State media from all types of geopolitical players engage in inauthentic coordinated sharing, but with notable differences in the ideological composition of the mobilized Facebook networks: The Chinese coordinated-sharing network is homegrown and limited; the Russian network consists of right-leaning and counter-mainstream political groups worldwide, while the coordinated-sharing networks mobilized by the state media in the Middle East, Venezuela, and Western liberal democracies are left-leaning and human-rights focused.</p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16575Celebrity Politicians, Digital Campaigns, and Performances of Political Legitimacy in Indonesia’s 2019 Elections2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Annisa R. Betaannisa.beta@unimelb.edu.auTaberez Ahmed Neyazitaberez@nus.edu.sg<p>This article looks into celebrity politicians’ social media campaigns during Indonesia’s 2019 elections. It examines the visual political communication strategies of celebrity politicians, particularly how they use their fame and celebrity status to make claims as political candidates and how they transform their fame into political legitimacy through social media. In the process of establishing their political legitimacy, celebrity politicians deploy “affective power.” While conventional politicians may use similar strategies on social media, the celebrity politicians’ online performance styles are foundational in how the celebrities construct and maintain their often-precarious political legitimacy to the public. Three patterns emerged. First, celebrity politicians used images of them surrounded by people to indicate their celebrity status and political legitimacy. Second, they highlighted their work ethic and commitment to the public cause. Third, they used visual markers of allegiance to the presidential candidates to claim their political legitimacy. This article contributes to the study of celebrity politicians by extending our understanding of the performance and construction of political legitimacy by celebrity politicians on social media. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16382AMA y No Olvida Collectivizing Memory Against Impunity: Transmedia Memory Practices, Modular Visibility, and Activist Participatory Design in Nicaragua2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Emilia Yang Rappaccioliemiliaya@usc.edu<p>In 2018, families of victims of lethal state violence in Nicaragua organized as the Association Mothers of April (AMA) to collectively search for truth, justice, and reparations. This article analyzes the development of the transmedia project <em>AMA y No Olvida</em>, <em>Museum of Memory against Impunity</em>, created for remembering and dignifying the victims by an interdisciplinary team in collaboration with AMA. The digital archive hosts the results of transmedia memory practices engaged by the community: accounts about the deaths via hand-drawn maps, digital maps, video testimonies, and a photographic archive of each victim. In the creation of the archive, the community’s needs were centered, and we proposed “modular visibility” against the revictimization caused by the circulation of media that represented the victims’ violent deaths. The contribution is centered on the use of participatory design methods to create a community digital archive and a temporary exhibition fostering transmedia activist memory practices that turned the private grieving of AMA members into public mourning, building wider mnemonic communities. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18345A Stronghold of Climate Change Denialism in Germany: Case Study of the Output and Press Representation of the Think Tank EIKE2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Jose A. Morenojoseantonio.moreno@upf.eduMira Kinnmira.kinn92@gmail.comMarta Narberhausmartanarber@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">Climate change denialist think tanks have played a major role in climate obstructionism in the United States, and we are beginning to learn that there are also certain European think tanks acting in line with their U.S. counterparts. In the case of Germany, although the most relevant climate think tanks are aligned with the scientific consensus, one denialist stronghold is represented by the Europäisches Institut für Klima und Energie (EIKE). This research examines the communication frames that have been used by the think tank to build up a discourse of climate denial and delay, among which the attack on climate science stands out. In addition, this article analyzes press mentions of EIKE, concluding that the think tank’s ideas have been critically received by the press. The urgency to act to mitigate the climate crisis makes it necessary to identify obstructionist actors and discourses to counteract them in the media sphere.</p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18089Tracing-Technology Adoption During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Multifaceted Role of Social Norms2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Sarah Gebers.geber@ikmz.uzh.chThomas N. Friemelth.friemel@ikmz.uzh.ch<p class="ANAbstract">Tracing technology has been introduced as part of a broader COVID-19 containment strategy in many countries. However, little is yet known about the drivers and barriers to the adoption of tracing apps. Our theoretical framework integrates concepts from technology acceptance (i.e., perceived usefulness and ease of use), health protection (i.e., perceived threat), and social norms research (i.e., perceived norms). To understand the role of these perceptions in the decision process of people who hesitated to adopt the app (<em>N</em> = 327), we conducted a two-wave panel study after app release in Switzerland. We found that perceived usefulness and ease of use of the app, as well as perceived threat of COVID-19 were positively correlated with adoption intention, whereas perceived threat of data misuse was negatively correlated with it. Social norms played a multifaceted role: They were positively correlated with perceived usefulness of the app and adoption intention. Adoption intention, in turn, predicted app adoption 10 weeks later. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings.</p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18055ISIS Media and Troop Withdrawal Announcements: Visualizing Community and Resilience2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Ayse Deniz Lokmanogluayse.lokmanoglu@northwestern.eduCarol K. Winklercwinkler@gsu.eduKayla McMinimykmcminimy1@gsu.eduMonerah Almahmoudmalmahmoud@gsu.edu<p>When a president announces troop withdrawal, some factors change. Financial and human costs fall, and relations among international actors change. To expand contemporary understandings of how the influence of troop withdrawal announcements may extend beyond state-based media portrayals, and to explore additional factors that help explain changes in nonstate actor’s media campaigns, this study asks whether troop withdrawal announcements in regions of military conflict correspond to changes in the visual media output of militant groups. Focusing on issues leading up to and following President Trump’s Twitter announcement of U.S. troop withdrawals from Syria on December 19, 2018, we conducted a content analysis of 887 images in 102 issues of ISIS’s official weekly newsletter <em>al-Naba</em> that examined variables related to presentational, individual, and institutional components. A chi-squared analysis and post-facto qualitative analysis revealed that militant, nonstate groups emphasize community building, resilience, and nonprovocative postures in their media campaigns after troop withdrawal announcements. The findings have implications for the intersections of platforms and gatekeeping, and of military, media, nonstate actors, and the public. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17823Smart Speakers Require Smart Management: Two Routes From User Gratifications to Privacy Settings2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Kun Xukun.xu@ufl.eduSylvia Chan-Olmstedchanolmsted@jou.ufl.eduFanjue Liufanjueliu@ufl.edu<p>Smart speakers’ voice recognition technology has not only advanced the efficiency of communication between users and machines, but also raised users’ privacy concerns. As smart speakers listen to users’ voice commands and collect audio data to improve algorithms, it is crucial to understand how users manage their privacy settings to protect personal information. Combining the uses and gratifications approach, the Media Equation, and communication privacy management theory, this study surveyed 991 participants’ attitudes and behavior patterns related to smart speaker use. The study explored the unique gratifications that users seek, identified the main strategies that users adopt to manage their privacy, and suggested that users apply interpersonal privacy management rules to interactions with smart media. In addition, users’ gratifications affect their privacy management via two routes: a protective route that highlights the role of perceived privacy risks, and a precautionary route that emphasizes the impact of users’ social presence experiences. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17728I Was Born to Love AI: The Influence of Social Status on AI Self-Efficacy and Intentions to Use AI2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Joo-Wha Hongjoowhaho@usc.edu<p>This study employed a survey to examine the role of social status on the acceptance of artificial intelligence (AI) technology. One’s self-efficacy with using AI technology was assumed to be determined by various factors coming from demographic status, which ultimately leads to the intention to use that technology. This was hypothesized based on the technology acceptance model, self-efficacy, and diffusion of innovation. Participants (<em>n</em> = 369) reported their perceived mastery of AI products, vicarious experiences with AI products, social persuasions of using AI products, AI self-efficacy, perceived usefulness of AI, perceived ease of using AI, intention to use AI, and demographic information. Both education level and income were found to affect the intention to adopt AI technology through AI self-efficacy. However, the age of participants was found not to be a determinant. The implications of the findings for applications and theory are discussed. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17724Bolsonaro and the Far Right: How Disinformation About COVID-19 Circulates on Facebook in Brazil2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Raquel Recueroraquelrecuero@gmail.comFelipe Bonow Soaresfbonowsoares@gmail.comOtávio Vinhasotavio.vinhas@gmail.comTaiane Volcantaivolcan@gmail.comLuís Ricardo Goulart Hüttnerluizricardohuttner@gmail.comVictória Silvavictsilva29@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">This article tackles the circulation of disinformation and compares it to fact-checking links about COVID-19 on Facebook in Brazil. Through a mixed-methods approach, we use disinformation and fact-checking links provided by the International Fact-Checking Network/Poynter, which we looked for in CrowdTangle. Using this data set, we explore (1) which types of public groups/pages spread disinformation and fact-checking content on Facebook; (2) the role of political ideology in this process; and (3) the network dynamics of how disinformation and fact-checking circulate on Facebook. Our results show that disinformation tend to circulate more on political pages/groups aligned with the far right and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, on religious and conspiracy theory pages/groups and alternative (hyperpartisan) media. On the other hand, fact-checking circulates more on leftists’ pages/groups. This implicates that the discussion about COVID-19 in Brazil is influenced by a structure of asymmetric polarization, as disinformation spread is fueled by radicalized far-right groups.</p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17629TV Inside the Psychiatric Hospital: Patient Experiences2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Kjersti Blehr Lånkankjeble@oslomet.noKjersti Thorbjørnsrudkjersti.thorbjornsrud@samfunnsforskning.no<p class="ANAbstract">This study investigates patients’ experiences with participating in a television (TV) documentary series filmed within psychiatric hospital wards. The study relies on interviews with patients, health staff, and TV producers, and asks how access is negotiated and how patients experience different phases of the production process. Based on a discussion of health ethics versus journalistic ethics, and the particular relations of power asymmetry and dependence within a health institution, the study concludes that a discourse emphasizing the benefits of openness worked to overshadow the need for extra sensitivity and care for the most vulnerable patients. Most patients appreciated the opportunity to share their experiences of illness and hospital treatment, but the increased strain on patients who were negatively affected by exposure calls for renewed attention to what informed consent and autonomy imply when media professionals enter health institutions.</p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17609Convergence and Divergence: The Evolution of Climate Change Frames Within and Across Public Events2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Yingying Chenyychen@sc.eduKjerstin Thorsonthorsonk@msu.eduJohn Lavaccarejlavaccare@gmail.comThe framing of climate change in the news over time plays a crucial role in shaping public understanding of the issue. This study examines variation in the framing of climate change in global news media across 12 high-attention climate events from 2012 to 2015. We show that events and journalistic practice interact to generate a mix of frames that collectively construct climate change discourse. Using topic modeling and network analysis, we identified six frames used in the media coverage of climate during this period. We trace the usage of these frames and show that framings related to policy struggles and economic concerns have become the “default” framing of climate change across news media. Other framings of the climate issue appear only when particular public events happen. The findings suggest that frame evolution is a socially constructed process influenced by journalistic routines and triggering events.2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17576The Impact of Social Media Use on Online Collective Action During China’s COVID-19 Pandemic Mitigation: A Social Identity Model of Collective Action (SIMCA) Perspective2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Xin Zhaoxzhao@bournemouth.ac.ukMengfei Guanmfguan@uark.eduXinya Liangxl014@uark.edu<p class="ANAbstract">The role of social media in fostering collective action in China is under constant debate, and the mechanism underlying the effects of social media use on collective action has not garnered sufficient scholarly attention. This study aims to investigate the (in)direct effects of attention to social media—administered by the governmental (gov) and nongovernmental sectors (nongov), respectively—for information about COVID-19 mitigation in China on intention to participate in online collective action (IPOCA). Findings from a survey suggest that attention to both social media (gov) and social media (nongov) directly predicted IPOCA. The indirect effect of attention to social media (gov) on IPOCA was significantly mediated by social identification. This study evidences the impact of social media on collective action in China and theoretically underpins its mechanisms through the social identity model of collective action.</p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17545From Hoops to Hope: Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Political Fandom on Twitter2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Nathian Shae Rodrigueznsrodriguez@sdsu.eduNadia Gorettinadiamgoretti@gmail.comThe study uses political discourse on Twitter as political texts to evidence how Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s political fandom is fueled by affective structures of power, resistance, gendered power dynamics, political ideologies, culture, hope, and encouragement. The study argues for a more modern approach, amalgamating all three waves of fandom studies, that considers a more holistic and nuanced inquiry of fan studies that is contextual and inclusive. The political fandom of Ocasio-Cortez signals a sociopolitical shift in political fandom in which fans’ affective identification is intrinsically tied to power, resistance, and within-party hierarchies.2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17527What to Expect? The Role of Media Technologies in Refugees’ Resettlement2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Heike GrafHeike.Graf@sh.se<p>This article examines the entanglement between refugees’ Internet use and their present living conditions of resettlement in Sweden and Germany. It seeks to provide a new perspective by applying the operational concept of expectation as developed by Niklas Luhmann. Expectations emerge in the interplay between the user and the materiality as well as functionality of media technologies that are embedded in concrete living conditions. In the case of disappointed expectations, a cognitive or normative expectation stabilization strategy is applied. Based on in-depth interviews, it becomes obvious that where cognitive expectations are concerned, openness to change one’s expectations, and therefore learning, is increased. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17107Framing Covid-19: Constitutional Versus Demagogic Rhetoric in Presidential Messaging2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00William Youmanswyoumans@gwu.eduBabak Bahadorbbahador@gwu.edu<p>When Donald Trump was a candidate for president in 2016, his campaign rhetoric caused commentators to use a term they rarely applied to viable challengers for the country’s highest office: “demagoguery.” Unlike rhetoric studies, communication scholarship in general has not taken up demagoguery as a concept. “Populism” is used instead, with little attention to definitional distinctions. President Trump’s handling of the Covid-19 pandemic is an opportunity to propose a relationship between the two terms and develop a formal, operationalized approach to gauging demagoguery in a leader’s communications. This article presents a content analysis study of Trump’s speeches, statements, and social media posts to examine just how demagogic he was in the early months of the pandemic. The measure we developed shows promise. The findings are counterintuitive. Trump’s demagoguery varies over time and between communication channels—his tweets versus his formal speeches in traditional venues. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17094How to Manage Public Condemnation: Political Scandals in Russia2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Galina Lukyanovag.lukiyanova@spbu.ruArkadii Solovevst054795@student.spbu.ru<p>The transformation of political communication entails a change in the criteria for evaluating the behavior of political actors, including the violations they commit. This article aims to identify the strategies through which stakeholders influence a scandal, intending to mitigate negative consequences and achieve their own strategic goals. Based on the identified institutional and personal impact on the sequence of scandalous events, we analyze corruption, sex, and power scandals in Russia using the process-tracing method. Besides shifting the agenda through the creation of media leads, the dissemination of protest symbols has proved to be fruitful. The results of the analysis also reveal the advantages of the denial strategy in the Russian context, despite the dominant belief that it is inefficient. Aside from scandal management strategies, we single out contextual factors common to all types of scandals: solidarity, social significance of the offense, and a focus on stereotypes. </p>2021-12-30T13:08:37-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19682<b>Precarious Migrants in a Sharing Economy| Precarious Migrants in a Sharing Economy: Collective Action, Organizational Communication, and Digital Technologies—Introduction</b>2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Amanda Alencarpazalencar@eshcc.eur.nlYijing Wangy.wang@eshcc.eur.nl<p class="ANAbstract">An instantiation of the sharing economy marked the emergence of an ad hoc governance structure, including joint efforts from the public sector, NGOs, private firms, civil society, and migrant organizations. On one hand, such an ad hoc governance structure built on challenging organizational legitimacy and inventing new co-creation tools may contribute to reducing the disconnections between interventions by governance actors and migrants’ experiences, situations, and actual needs. On the other hand, the complexity of multilevel governance systems and collaborations can also generate greater uncertainty about migrant integration processes. This special issue involves articles that contribute knowledge to how collective action is enabled in a sharing economy in support of precarious migrants in a diversity of contexts and situations. This collection includes articles examining voluntary contribution to migration management and care at all different levels, from the public sector organizations to private firms, to civil society and migrant-led initiatives and networks.</p>2022-11-21T04:53:57-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17323Precarious Migrants in a Sharing Economy| The Rise of Platformed Governance in China: Migration, Technology, and Integration2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Ping Sunsophiesunping@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract"><span>Despite considerable scholarship on the platform economy and digital labor, studies that interrogate the intersectional relations among platforms, migration, and social integration remain scant. Utilizing food delivery platforms as its subject, this article demonstrates how platforms serve as key sites for recognizing and performing migrant workers’ economic integration. It develops the concept of platformed integration to argue for the rise of a platformed governance model in China's digital economy, wherein the platform leverages its legacy among migrant laborers through multilayered intermediaries, digital management, and embedded infrastructure. This platformed integration, as demonstrated, addresses how migrant workers in China conceive and experience top-down digital infrastructures of labor platforms in terms of tactical negotiations, and how this ultimately shapes their livelihood opportunities in class-divided cities.</span></p>2022-11-21T04:53:42-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17298Precarious Migrants in a Sharing Economy| Looking Good or Doing Good? A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Employee Perception of Corporate Refugee Support2022-11-30T05:00:04-08:00Yijing Wangy.wang@eshcc.eur.nl<p>Drawing on social identity theory, this study takes an employee-centered approach to examine employee attitudes toward corporate refugee support and its consequences. It distinguishes four types of corporate refugee support—advocacy, sponsorship, partnership, and hiring refugees—to assess whether and how they are perceived differently by employees. In addition, a comparative analysis was conducted to examine the perceptions of employees based in the United States and the United Kingdom. Employees of for-profit organizations (<em>N </em>= 601) were recruited through Prolific to participate in an online experiment. The results show that corporate partnership and sponsorship are perceived more positively by employees compared with corporate advocacy and hiring employees, and these effects are mediated by perceived organizational morality. Also, the value of corporate advocacy turns out to be better recognized by the employees based in the United States than those in the United Kingdom. The findings provide important guidance for businesses in aligning employees through committing to specific refugee support strategy.</p>2022-11-21T04:53:33-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17264Precarious Migrants in a Sharing Economy| On-Demand Migrants: Entrepreneurialism, Platformization, and Migration in Brazil2022-12-10T09:51:23-08:00Sofia Cavalcanti Zanforlinsofia.zanforlin@ufpe.brRafael Grohmannrafael-ng@uol.com.br<p>This article is based on training programs for migrant entrepreneurs and aims to analyze how the platformization of labor and the entrepreneurial discourse—as aspects of communication—shape the relationship of migrants living in São Paulo with Migraflix NGO and its partners, such as Facebook and Uber, exponents of the gig economy. We conducted interviews with 10 migrants and refugees in São Paulo over two years. The interviewees' discourses reveal that the entrepreneurial rhetoric hides situations of job insecurity, lack of transparency in hiring and paying for services, and dependence on NGOs for participation in events and markets. Migrants depend on the NGO to be able to work and cannot earn a minimum income to survive; they must also work as drivers for companies like Uber—in line with studies on migrant labor in the gig economy. Thus, in the context of platform migration, these people are turned into on-demand migrants.</p>2022-11-21T04:53:20-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17366Precarious Migrants in a Sharing Economy| Digital Solidarity and Ethical Tech for Refugees: Why We Need to Care More and Code Less2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Sara Marinos.marino@lcc.arts.ac.uk<p>Since 2015, the so-called refugee crisis has prompted an explosion of mobile applications and other initiatives aimed at helping refugees navigate the spaces of Fortress Europe, connect with useful resources, access opportunities, and integrate into the destination country. Guided by faith in the power of technologies to initiate change, different fringes of society—humanitarian organizations, private entrepreneurs, tech corporations, volunteers, and grassroots organizations—have increasingly relied on digital solutions to circulate solidarity across borders. This article reflects on the tensions that characterize cross-border digital solidarity by looking at how we can reconcile the ethics of “doing social good” with the more discriminatory practices of data collection that affect the refugee body. The article argues that attention needs to be paid to the implementation of <em>mindful filtering</em> practices as an alternative framework for more ethical uses of technology that center around care as a guiding principle and value. </p><p> </p>2022-11-21T04:53:04-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17406Precarious Migrants in a Sharing Economy| Data Literacy as an Emerging Challenge in the Migration/Refugee Context: A Critical Exploration of Communication Efforts Around “Refugee Apps”2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Dennis Nguyend.nguyen1@uu.nlSergül Nguyennguyen@eshcc.eur.nl<p class="ANAbstract"><span>Digital media serve manifold purposes connected to communication, transition, resource allocation, and integration in the context of forced migration. Many apps and platforms rely on user data. Organizations do not always clearly communicate what data are collected for which purposes. Policies on data and privacy should convey this information, but they rarely increase clarity and transparency. This can create vulnerabilities for users and raises questions about data literacy: How much do they understand about data practices and how can organizations inform them better? This qualitative study explores 10 digital services (apps-based and web-based) with the walkthrough method in combination with a content analysis of data policies. It charts communication efforts about data practices and consequences for privacy. The findings imply that many organizations fail to address these issues efficiently. They need to critically revise their communication strategies to create transparency and build data literacy among users.</span></p>2022-11-21T04:52:42-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17435Precarious Migrants in a Sharing Economy| #Migrantes on TikTok: Exploring Platformed Belongings2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Daniela Jaramillo-Dentdjaramillod@gmail.comAmanda Alencarpazalencar@eshcc.eur.nlYan Asadchyyan.asadchy@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract">Digital media and human mobility are intrinsically connected in an era where the human and the technological converge for representation and agency. In this context, platforms such as TikTok become prime spaces for diverse creative voices. This study constitutes the first exploratory analysis of TikTok as a medium where migrants embody their belonging through aspirational, performative, and self-governance creative and platformed practices. Through a content and discourse analysis of 198 videos gathered with relevant hashtags, using a Python script, we delve into the content created by Latin American migrants in Spain and the United States. The concept of platformed belongings is theorized in their use of TikTok’s affordances and vernaculars to express aspirations to be part of certain socioeconomic, national, cultural, and digital communities. This is achieved through a range of storylines, from collective identities that align with expected values to stern challenges to oppressive norms. In this sense, we argue that platformed belongings enable migrants to reclaim their rights and negotiate existing symbolic boundaries by achieving different levels of visibility within this platform.</p>2022-11-21T04:52:33-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17582Precarious Migrants in a Sharing Economy| #Nosomosdesertores: Activism and Narratives of the Cuban Diaspora on Twitter2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Denise Maria Cogodenisecogo2@gmail.comDeborah Rodríguez Santosdebrs1990@gmail.com<p class="ANAbstract"><span>This article analyzes how Cuban migrants use social media to produce and share narratives that solicit and negotiate rights related to Cuban migration policies. In the context of a reordering of relations between the Cuban state and its diaspora, we focus on activism of the collective “No Somos Desertores” (We Are Not Deserters) on Twitter. This group strives to give visibility to and denounce the banishment of Cuban professionals who abandoned international collaboration missions coordinated by the Cuban government, and to influence migratory policies that restrict the right to mobility of these professionals. The results reveal three narrative dimensions of the collective’s activism for migratory rights: (1) national belonging and the right to mobility, (2) the family consequences of their banishment, and (3) proposals to address Cuban migratory issues.</span></p>2022-11-21T04:52:19-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20238Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory—Foreword2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Robin D. G. Kelleyrdkelley@history.ucla.edu<p class="ANAbstract">This brief essay considers the broader significance of 1968 as nostalgia and counter-memory to the dominant narrative generated by liberalism and neoliberalism. It frames the essays included in this Special Section as not just critical interventions in historical and sociological studies but in current and future political struggles.</p>2022-10-04T17:33:22-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20263<b>Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory—Introduction</b>2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Clare O'Connorcnoconno@usc.edu<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">How might scholars of communication revisit the “spirit of ’68” without succumbing to distorted forms of memory such as nostalgia and myth? This brief essay introduces the contents of “Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory,” a Special Section that addresses the problem of historical memory <em>as such</em> by analyzing media objects and moments from 1968 that have been activated in the service of contemporary social movements, obscured through superficial citation, or omitted from the dominant record altogether. With recommendations for orienting to the past in the interest of decisive action in the present, this section will be of value to scholars of archival method, media activism, social movements, antiracism, feminism, internationalism, and critical theory.</span></p>2022-10-04T17:33:12-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17151Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| “Thái Bình Means Peace”: (Re)positioning South Vietnamese Exchange Students’ Activism in the Asian American Movement2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Ly Thúy Nguyễnnguyenl2@augsburg.edu<p>Vietnamese exchange students were influential in the U.S. movement against the American war in Vietnam but are often overlooked in movement histories. To account for this pattern of omission, the author analyzes the complex politics of mythicization that has animated the Asian American Third World Left, specifically focusing on the legacy of Nguyễn Thái Bình. Bình’s arrival in the United States in 1968 was part of a U.S. Agency for International Development scholarship program designed to induct Vietnamese students into building an American-backed South Vietnamese society. Instead, many of the students joined the antiwar movement and formed Vietnamese/American antiwar organizations. Bình was deported for his activism and killed after allegedly hijacking a flight to Saigon in 1972. The mystery surrounding his death, particularly the assumption that he was assassinated, continues to influence Asian American organizers and scholars. His legacy invites analysis about the role of resonant historical myths in the production of social movements.</p>2022-10-04T17:33:02-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18037Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| <i>Con Che?</i> The Specter of Communism in the 1968 Chicano Blowouts2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Magally Mirandamagalintzin@g.ucla.eduEfren Michael Lópezefrenmlopez@ucla.edu<p class="ANAbstract">The influence of communist politics is underemphasized in the historical record of the 1968 Chicano Blowouts. Much like news media at the time, official histories mischaracterize the Blowouts as having been either completely spontaneous or thoroughly entrenched in the politics of representation and reform. Drawing on archival documents, oral histories, and critical research, this study uncovers the communist presence in the movement and demonstrates how activists of the period navigated this presence amid virulent Cold War anticommunism. Using the “specter of communism” as a methodological heuristic, we excavate the margins of the archive: overlooked pamphlets, moments in oral histories, and personal accounts and interviews. We show how Marxist materialist analysis can be brought to bear on archival gaps and silences, and thereby highlight the liberatory potential of activist archival research.</p>2022-10-04T17:32:54-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17975Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| The American Indian Movement and the Politics of Nostalgia: Indigenous Representation From Wounded Knee to Standing Rock2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Clementine Bordeauxclembordeaux@ucla.eduFounded in 1968, the American Indian Movement (AIM) is a source of a complicated nostalgia for Indigenous activists today. AIM orchestrated many direct actions that remain instructive touchstones, including the 1973 occupation at Wounded Knee. Still, the organization has also been characterized by a masculinism often found in its famous iconography. During the 2016 mobilization against the Dakota Access Pipeline (#NoDAPL), common invocations of AIM by mainstream media revealed the contrast between these moments of struggle. Analyzing this contrast through the visual record of each mobilization, the author argues that nostalgia for AIM presents an opportunity to work through the colonial imposition of heteropatriarchal norms. Current Indigenous media makers have begun the work to demonstrate emancipatory gender politics that provide an elaboration of Indigenous representations of <em>relationality</em>, thereby attesting to the connections among feminist, queer, and ecological consciousness. Foregrounding the importance of tribal specificity, the author focuses on media produced on and of Lakota tribal homelands.2022-10-04T17:32:46-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17171Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| Reborn as Fida’i: The Palestinian Revolution and the (Re)Making of an Icon2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Loubna Qutamiloubnaqutami@g.ucla.edu<p class="ANAbstract">The 1968 Battle of Karameh secured a place in history for the <em>Fida’i </em>as an iconic figure of the victorious “new Palestinian.” The ideals that initially animated the <em>Fida’i </em>icon in 1968 have been transformed alongside the unstable conditions of the Palestinian liberation struggle. The enduring resonance of the <em>Fida’i</em> is nevertheless a pedagogical opportunity to revisit the period of its emergence and draw out lessons for contemporary decolonial struggle. The author argues that the unfulfilled revolutionary promise of the <em>Fida’i</em> is best apprehended by focusing on the organizational practices, aspirations, and contradictions from which it emerged and the widespread internationalist and grassroots participation in struggle that it galvanized. Through an examination of <em>Fida’i</em> poster art alongside political manifestos, the author analyzes the Palestinian, Arab, and global context in the period when the <em>Fida’i</em> became an icon and its subsequent transmutations in the decades that followed. The author illustrates the strategic and analytic principles obscured by various superficial invocations and appropriations of the icon in efforts to recuperate its emancipatory legacy.</p>2022-10-04T17:14:19-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18643Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| Lost in Citation: Afterlives of the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Clare O'Connorcnoconno@usc.eduActivists often use historical citations to help stimulate action in the present. In 2018, factions of the U.S. labor movement commemorated the 50th anniversary of the 1968 Memphis sanitation strike by citing its famous slogan: “I AM A MAN.” Through this case, I show how such citations allow us to evaluate the character and potential of present actions. Specifically, because the process of citation invites us to consider the past with which contemporary actions become constellated, I argue that this process also alerts us both to the animating promise of the past and to the limitations of our current conceptions of the political. Approaching my case study in this way reveals that while the 2018 campaigns foregrounded the need for political recognition, the 1968 campaign to which they superficially referred pointed toward something like sovereignty. Following Walter Benjamin, I argue that, through analysis, this difference and its political implications can be brought into view through the citation itself.2022-10-04T17:35:04-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16474Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| The Limits of Smooth Legacies: 1968, Feminist History, and the Tradition of Athlete Activism: An Interview With Amira Rose Davis2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Courtney M. Coxcmcox@uoregon.edu<p>The Olympic Games podium protest of professional athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos is among the most frequently cited moments of 1968. Regarded as one of the most political events in Olympics history, their protest is today often recalled in celebration. In 1968, however, it drew the ire of their stadium audience, their television viewers back home, and the International Olympic Committee. At the time, sports journalist Brent Musberger described Smith and Carlos as “black-skinned storm troopers,” and the two athletes were expelled from the Olympic Village. Both suffered personally and professionally for over a decade until, in the 1980s, a “smoothing” process began to reincorporate the duo into popular culture, recasting them as heroic icons. In this interview, historian Amira Rose Davis analyzes how such smoothing occurs, what gets buffed out, and all that can be gained from focusing on the contributions of Black women when we revisit historical flashpoints like 1968.</p><p> </p>2022-10-04T17:32:21-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16969Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| Afterlives of Tlatelolco: Memory, Contested Space, and Collective Imagination2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Paulina Lanzpaulina.lanz@usc.edu<p class="ANAbstract">Ten days before the 1968 Summer Olympics began in Mexico City, a pivotal student rally took place in the Square of the Three Cultures at the city’s Tlatelolco Plaza. The Mexican army opened fire on the crowd, killing more than 300 protesters. The massacre remains a crucial flashpoint in the country’s long history of political repression. In recent decades, the state has taken part in commemorating the massacre, helping to convert Tlatelolco itself into a site and a symbol of civic memorialization. Drawing upon personal narratives<em>, </em>visual art, artifacts, film, and music, the essay intertwines official national commemorations with the collectivized memories of the massacre. It introduces newcomers to violence, silence, and memory in Latin America, engaging with different materializations of memory. By analyzing Tlatelolco as a space of historical reckoning and imagination, the essay evidences how the contested production of Tlatelolco simultaneously fosters historical memory and historical amnesia.</p><p> </p>2022-10-04T17:32:11-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18017Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| Once Lost, Painfully Present: Maya Angelou’s Blacks, Blues, Black! (1968)2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Adrien Sebroasebro@utexas.edu<p class="Default" align="center"> </p><p class="ANAbstract">Dr. Maya Angelou’s <em>Blacks, Blues, Black!</em> was a triumph of Civil Rights-era public affairs television, produced and aired amid nationwide uprisings in the immediate wake of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination in 1968. <em>Blacks, Blues, Black!</em> promoted Black unity, education, liberation, and culture. However, after it aired, the show’s tapes were lost for decades and only rediscovered by chance in 2009. With its rediscovery, the program reveals similarities between state-sanctioned violence against Black people in 1968 and today while introducing a new generation of viewers to Angelou’s enduring insights and strategic sensibility. This article first sets forth a rewriting of media history about lost archives, Black visibility, creative autonomy, publicly funded media, and popular education television. The article then analyzes specific lessons arising from the educational content of <em>Blacks, Blues, Black!</em>, the African origins of Black cultural forms/practices, and Black unity, and offers strategic insight to combating temporal state violence against Black bodies.</p><p> </p>2022-10-04T17:32:01-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15590Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| The Sociotechnical Imaginaries of 19682022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Andrea Alarconalar450@usc.eduSoledad Altrudialtrudi@usc.eduFrances Corrycorry@usc.eduMC Forelleforelle@cornell.eduThe following article is adapted from a multimedia research performance held at the conference The Fire This Time: Afterlives of 1968. In it, we delve into four case studies that exemplify a moment in the sociotechnical imaginaries of 1968: <em>Earthrise</em>, the iconic full photograph of the Earth; the tech demo that predicted the personal computer; a policy debate over the balance of power in the air quality control crisis; and the taken-for-granted emergency line, 911. Our analysis reveals how these technological moments, each of which represented a vision of a better world, were inextricable from the social realities and power dynamics present in their making. Furthermore, this work surfaces the nuances and unique perspectives that the sociotechnical imaginary as a theoretical framework can provide.2022-10-04T17:31:49-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15726<b>Media and Uncertainty| Media and Uncertainty—Introduction</b>2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Nelson Ribeironelson.ribeiro@ucp.ptBarbie Zelizerbzelizer@asc.upenn.edu<div id="i4c-draggable-container" style="position: fixed; z-index: 1499; width: 0px; height: 0px;"><div class="resolved" style="all: initial;" data-reactroot=""> </div></div><p>The institutions of media and journalism are troubled by uncertainty. Attacked by populist politicians and disrupted by the platform economy, the media are expected to defend democracy by disseminating reliable and meaningful information while helping citizens navigate the uncertainty brought about by difficult events such as climate change, health crises, and political conflicts. This introduction problematizes the uncertainty faced by media practitioners and journalists and discusses how the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated citizens’ need for stable media institutions.</p><div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div><div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div>2022-08-11T05:36:45-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15761Media and Uncertainty| “We’re All Told Not to Put Our Eggs in One Basket”: Uncertainty, Precarity and Cross-Platform Labor in the Online Video Influencer Industry2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Zoë Glattz.a.glatt@lse.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract">There has been a recent proliferation of scholarly interest in the impacts of platformization on cultural industries and labor. This article draws on a longitudinal ethnographic study of the London- and Los Angeles-based influencer community industries (2017–2022) to consider the ways in which the <em>platformized creative worker</em> marks an intensification of the neoliberal worker subject as theorized in more traditional cultural industries. I argue that this industry marks an escalation of conditions of precarity; this research found that the working lives of most content creators are fraught with stress and burnout, and smaller creators in particular are subject to <em>algorithmic discrimination</em> in an industry where visibility is key to success. Contrary to highly celebratory discourses that position online content creation as more open and meritocratic than traditional cultural industries, this is an advertising-driven industry that propels the most profitable creators into the spotlight, resulting in the closing down of mobility. I conclude by considering the opportunities and challenges for reducing this widespread precarity via collective action and regulation.</p>2022-08-11T05:36:33-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15623Media and Uncertainty| In One Hand, a Camera, and in the Other, a Gun: State Adoption of Visual Activist Strategies for Narrative Legitimacy2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Anat Leshnickanat.leshnick@colorado.edu<p>This article examines how states adopt visual activist strategies to promote and legitimize their own narratives in today’s digital environment. Specifically, it tackles the work of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Documentary-Combat squad, a new unit that trains soldiers in strategic image-making. Based on a qualitative analysis of ten interviews with former members of this squad, this article contends that the IDF uses social media as a key platform to circulate its images to maintain its sense of ontological security.</p>2022-08-11T05:36:21-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15606Media and Uncertainty| Understanding the Institutional Precarity of Journalism: A Macro Approach to the Civil Diminishment of Journalism2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Sara Torsners.k.torsner@sheffield.ac.uk<p>This article develops a conceptual framework for understanding risk to journalism, more specifically, risk to the standing of journalism as a civil institution generated by macro-level state and market forces of civil diminishment. While the state and market arguably belong to the most well-studied forms of power influencing journalism, it is argued here that the nature of risk to journalism is not sufficiently understood in terms of how it occasions the diminishment of the quality of civil life by distorting collective inclusive communication and association among members of society. To achieve this, the article builds on civil sphere theory to establish how the civil diminishment of journalism by anti-civil state power can be evaluated through the application of a principle of justification. </p>2022-08-11T05:36:10-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15618Media and Uncertainty| Local Journalism in the Age of Uncertainty: The Case of Youngstown, Ohio’s <i>The Vindicator</i>2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Carla Randolph Everstijncarla.everstijn@gmail.com<p>The closure of thousands of newspapers in the last 15 years has evoked uncertainty for journalists and other media professionals about their professional identities, community roles, and the future of local journalism. Through an ethnographic case study of local media professionals in one U.S. community, Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley, Ohio, this study explores their response to the closure of their only daily newspaper. Informed by uncertainty management and community ties theories, the study provides an in-depth understanding of how media professionals navigated the uncertainty caused by the changing media landscape and the meaning they attach to those changes. Analysis of 10 personal semistructured qualitative interviews and additional observations reveals the following themes: loss and grief, community needs and identity, watchdogging and accountability, opportunity and differentiation, resilience and adaptability, and sustainability. These findings highlight both the importance of community ties in navigating the uncertainty resulting from changing media use and the need for ongoing monitoring to ensure the future of local news coverage.</p>2022-08-11T05:35:50-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15681Media and Uncertainty| Connective Memory Practices: Mourning the Restructuring of a War Desk2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Muira McCammonmuira.mccammon@asc.upenn.edu<p>This exploratory study is about what transpires when a newsroom restructures its war desk. Drawing on Hoskins’ notion of “connective memory,” I examine how a single newsworker’s tweets about the reorganization of a war desk provoke different responses among news consumers, journalists, veterans, active-duty military personnel, and others. Drawing on a case study involving At War, a section of <em>The New York Times</em>, I consider the ways in which Twitter draws readers and writers together and fosters memory work. Their responses: (1) seek to pinpoint what precisely is being lost; (2) object to the decision to reallocate journalistic labor to other beats; (3) express sadness for military communities facing unfulfilled information needs; (4) anticipate the likelihood of increasingly uninformed civilian audiences; (5) blame the “journalism industry” for defunding international conflict reporting; and (6) mourn the persistence of war. </p>2022-08-11T05:35:35-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13092<b>Trends and Perspectives on Digital Platforms and Digital Television in Europe| Trends and Perspectives on Digital Platforms and Digital Television in Europe — Introduction</b>2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Karen Arriaza Ibarraarriazaibarra@ccinf.ucm.es<div id="i4c-draggable-container" style="position: fixed; z-index: 1499; width: 0px; height: 0px;"><div class="resolved" style="all: initial;" data-reactroot=""> </div></div><p>Digital platforms are supporting a new universe of audiovisual production, distribution, and audience viewing, and they are now tightly integrated into many people’s everyday lives. The changes in commercial and public service media business strategies demand the analysis of emerging trends and perspectives in the audiovisual landscape. The articles in this Special Section are selected from submissions to the International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR) International Communication Section, and they include examinations of both the cultural and the political economy of the European audiovisual industry’s operations and practices. These articles address the impacts of “platformization” and changing policies and regulation in the audiovisual industry, focusing on developments in the European Union and, nationally, in Spain and the UK. They highlight successful instances of adaptation to changing market conditions in the cases of television series production and public service media. They also call attention to how new cultural, political, and economic dynamics, regulations, and changes in the competitive environment in Europe are challenging the financial sustainability of local audiovisual content production and efforts to strengthen media plurality and diversity, as well as online public service media discoverability. This special issue signals a continuing need for research to monitor interactions between changing technologies for monetizing audience data, commercial business strategies, and the constraints and opportunities facing European commercial and public service media players.</p><div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div><div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13093Trends and Perspectives on Digital Platforms and Digital Television in Europe| Denaturalizing Digital Platforms: Is Mass Individualization Here to Stay?2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Robin Mansellr.e.mansell@lse.ac.ukW. Edward Steinmuellerw.e.steinmueller@sussex.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract"><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">This article examines the consistency of <em>mass individualization</em> or <em>personalization</em> techniques used by digital platforms with the imaginaries and logics of neoclassical economic theory and behavioral economics. We identify limitations of contemporary policy and regulatory responses to harms associated with datafication practices. We argue that more attention needs to be given to denaturalizing claims that enhancements of mass individualization techniques are a “natural” outcome of digital technology innovation and market dynamics. To avoid harms associated with datafication and to secure public values, it is essential to imagine a future digital world that is not dependent on massive collection of individuals’ data for commercial or public ends. This might require the blocking of some applications before, rather than after, they have been deployed. Doing so will require broad agreement that mass individualization techniques are inconsistent with valuing human autonomy and effective individual choice in Western societies. Skepticism about policy intervention in the platform market is answered by examining how surprising opportunities for change may arise from contestations of current applications of these technologies.</span></p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13094Trends and Perspectives on Digital Platforms and Digital Television in Europe| The Success of Spanish Series on Traditional Television and SVoD Platforms: From <i>El Ministerio del Tiempo</i> to <i>La Casa de Papel</i>2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Karen Arriaza Ibarraarriazaibarra@ccinf.ucm.esCelina NavarroCelina.Navarro@uab.cat<p class="ANAbstract">This article explores the changes of the Spanish television industry upon the arrival of the international Subscription Video on Demand (SVoD) platforms and how Spain has become a noticeable player in the international market. To analyze the hybridization of the industry, a content analysis of the Spanish catalog of SVoD services has been conducted to evaluate the offerings of local series. To further exemplify the current complex relationships among traditional broadcasters, independent producers, and SVoD platforms, an analysis of the evolution of the series <em>The Ministry of Time </em>and <em>Money Heist </em>(two of the most internationally successful Spanish shows) in terms of production, distribution, and cultural trades, reveals the different types of agreements with SVoD players and the balance between the international and domestic markets. Results also indicate the importance of the Spanish geolinguistic market for the success of Spanish series even as the popularity of its shows has transcended the language borders.</p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13095Trends and Perspectives on Digital Platforms and Digital Television in Europe| Which Is to Be Master? Competition Law or Regulation in Platform Markets2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Natascha Justn.just@ikmz.uzh.ch<p class="ANAbstract">The rise of economically strong Internet platform companies has unsettled traditional communications markets. Consequently, debates over the appropriate handling of platformization have moved center stage, including discussions of which instrument—regulation or competition law—is to be master. This article looks into the complex relationship between the two and argues how the often-purported separation between them is conceptually of little avail. It distinguishes two phases of which is to be master and shows how these have similarities but also significant differences. Among other things, the first phase during liberalization and convergence was characterized by a perceptual bias against regulation and for competition law in communications. In contrast, in the second phase of platformization, there is acknowledgement of a need to modernize competition law and concurrent fears that it will be overstrained if employed as a primary instrument and panacea for every new challenge.</p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13096Trends and Perspectives on Digital Platforms and Digital Television in Europe| Public Service Broadcasting in the Online Television Environment: The Case for PSB VoD Players and the Role of Policy Focusing on the BBC iPlayer2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Maria Michalism.michalis@westminster.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract">Focusing on the case of the BBC iPlayer and placing it within broader national and international developments, this article assesses key challenges that public service broadcasting (PSB) faces in the era of online TV. The advent of subscription video-on-demand (SVoD) and associated market transformations have accentuated preexisting funding, political, and market pressures on PSB. Still, the relationship between PSB and SVoD is not purely antagonistic. The evolution of the BBC iPlayer in this wider context shows that online TV does not (as yet) represent a radical new interpretation of PSB because VoD services are closely linked to linear offerings, and there is evidence of the fluidity between online and broadcast spheres, and the continued relevance of television. Against an increasingly commercial, fragmented, closed, and data-driven environment, the article makes the case for supporting PSB VoD services and explores how online TV might help revive PSB through personalization and public service algorithms. Media policy can play an enabling role by addressing data practices, algorithms, and prominence. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13097Trends and Perspectives on Digital Platforms and Digital Television in Europe| The “Netflix Tax”: An Analysis of Investment Obligations for On-Demand Audiovisual Services in the European Union2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Catalina IordacheCatalina.Iordache@vub.beTim RaatsTim.Raats@vub.beKaren DondersKaren.Donders@vub.be<p class="ANAbstract">Throughout time, the European Union’s media policy has attempted to strengthen the internal market for audiovisual services through economic and cultural measures. To anticipate or react to the dominance of foreign platforms, the revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) extends its quota regime and obligation to invest in European works to on-demand audiovisual players, also when targeting a foreign market. Through document analysis, this study examines the financial investment obligations on these platforms in 10 European Union states. We found that several countries already target on-demand audiovisual platforms, and some regulations also capture foreign players. However, new policy measures are characterized by significant differences, resulting in fragmentation rather than harmonization. Moreover, the contribution requirements themselves are thus far limited and may offer only partial support to the intra-European circulation of content. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15680Trends and Perspectives on Digital Platforms and Digital Television in Europe| Fragility and Empowerment: Community Television in the Digital Era2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Andrew Ó BaoillAndrew.obaoill@nuigalway.ieSalvatore Scifosscifo@bournemouth.ac.ak<p class="ANAbstract">The advent of television technologies has significantly restructured the context within which community television producers operate. Digital technologies have undercut “spectrum scarcity” arguments for limiting access to distribution platforms and opened up new paths to reach audiences. It has also, however, seen a decline in some of the regulatory structures that provided protection to noncommercial providers in eras of spectrum scarcity. The rise of the prosumer has, in its focus on production by individuals, weakened some of the underpinnings (economic and ideological) for community-based production, with consequent challenges for the sustainability of these often precarious projects. In this article, we tease out the implications of digitization for community television operators, exploring the state of the sector in the liberal North Atlantic region, and compare “traditional” community channels with “newer” channels that have emerged in the digital context in the past two decades. Our study explores the opportunities and challenges that face the sector following the transition to digital models. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15353Trends and Perspectives on Digital Platforms and Digital Television in Europe| Commissioning and Independent Television Production: Power, Risk, and Creativity2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Anna Zoellnera.zoellner@leeds.ac.uk<p class="ANAbstract">Project development—the initial stage of television production—establishes the aesthetic and narrative parameters for the final on-screen representations. This article explores this important yet largely under-researched phase of production by investigating the structures and processes of project development in the British television industry with a focus on the conditions for the independent production sector in a broadcaster–publisher system. Its arguments are based on findings of an ethnographic production study in independent production companies in the United Kingdom, which are contextualized by statistical industry data and correlated to published research undertaken across the last two decades to assess changes and continuities over time. The article analyses the cultural and economic power relations between independent producers and commissioning editors and how they affect development practices. It evaluates the implications for creative autonomy and diversity, and shows how the existence of preferred suppliers and the demand-led nature of commissioning constrain producer creativity, leading to fewer opportunities for independent producers and a more homogenous television output. </p>2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19404<b>Forum on Gandy's <i> The Panoptic Sort</i>| Forum on Gandy's <i> The Panoptic Sort</i> — Introduction</b>2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Larry P. Grosslpgross@usc.edu2022-03-06T19:05:03-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18841Forum on Gandy's <i>The Panoptic Sort</i>| Reflections on <i>The Panoptic Sort</i>2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Mike Anannyananny@usc.edu2022-03-06T19:04:52-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18775Forum on Gandy's <i>The Panoptic Sort</i>| Sorting the Future2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00John Cheney-Lippoldjchl@umich.edu2022-03-06T19:04:41-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18967Forum on Gandy's <i>The Panoptic Sort</i>| Lessons From <i>The Panoptic Sort</i>2022-11-30T05:00:05-08:00Kate Crawfordkate.crawford@usc.edu2022-03-06T19:04:29-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18886Forum on Gandy's <i>The Panoptic Sort</i>| <i>The Panoptic Sort</i> (2nd ed.): An Appreciation2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Lisa Nakamuralnakamur@umich.edu2022-03-06T19:04:15-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18655Forum on Gandy's <i>The Panoptic Sort</i>| Prescience and Integrity in <i>The Panoptic Sort</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Joseph Turowjoseph.turow@asc.upenn.edu2022-03-06T19:04:03-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18679Forum on Gandy's <i>The Panoptic Sort</i>| A Turn to Gandy From Inside <i>The Panoptic Sort</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Diami Virgiliodiami.virgilio@asc.upenn.edu2022-03-06T19:03:52-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19297Forum on Gandy's <i> The Panoptic Sort</i>| Oscar’s Comments on These Generous Reviews2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Oscar H. Gandy, Jr.oscar.gandy@asc.upenn.edu2022-03-06T19:03:35-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18657<b>Lazarsfeld's Legacy| Lazarsfeld's Legacy — Introduction</b>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Jefferson Pooleypooley@muhlenberg.eduHynek Jeřábekhynek.jerabek@gmail.com2022-01-08T12:21:13-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18660Lazarsfeld's Legacy| His Master's Voice2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Elihu KatzEKatz@asc.upenn.edu2022-01-08T12:21:05-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18891Lazarsfeld's Legacy| Paul Lazarsfeld: Living in Circles and Talking Around Tables2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00David E. MorrisonD.E.Morrison@leeds.ac.uk<p>This paper draws upon a series of interviews conducted with Paul Lazarsfeld and others who knew him, especially those who knew him as a young man in Vienna, the purpose of which is to demonstrate that his interest in mathematics and quantification is not as often assumed. The paper maintains that he never had a philosophical position on quantification, nor did he extol quantification at the expense of other approaches to social research. To this end, the paper examines his early life in Vienna growing up amid the intellectual circles of the city and the influence that they had on him, especially his interest in mathematics. His fascination with quantification, which offered a sense of order, is best understood through attention to his personal life and in terms of his “fractured life”—not least, as he expressed, a life destroyed by his mother.</p><p> </p>2022-01-08T12:20:56-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18732Lazarsfeld's Legacy| A Socialism of Empiricism, Not Ideology: Paul Lazarsfeld and Commitment in Social Research2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Joseph Malherekmalherek@gwu.edu<p class="Affiliation">Paul Lazarsfeld’s upbringing was infused with the revolutionary potential and moral commitment of early 20th-century socialism. He was virtually raised by the leaders of the Austrian Social Democrats who frequented his mother’s salons, including Friedrich Adler and Otto Bauer. Lazarsfeld’s coming of age perfectly coincided with the birth of the Austrian republic and the new possibility of building a rational, socialist society. The organization of social research toward progressive ends was, for Lazarsfeld, a moral calling as much as it was a profession. Beyond his talents as a quantitative sociologist, Lazarsfeld was able to command the devotion of his researchers and sponsors, such as Robert Lynd, in large part because of his social-democratic bona fides. Yet Lazarsfeld would clash with those colleagues who were most forthright in their leftist commitments, notably Lynd, Theodor W. Adorno, and C. Wright Mills. Focusing less on these well-documented episodes than on the character of Lazarsfeld’s research projects, this article takes the view that it was not socialism as political ideology but rather socialism as empirical practice that defined the Lazarsfeld corpus. </p>2022-01-08T12:20:46-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18733Lazarsfeld's Legacy| Paul Lazarsfeld’s Methodological Innovations and Their Importance Today2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Hynek Jeřábekhynek.jerabek@gmail.com<p>Paul Lazarsfeld developed an efficient model of scientific sociological research that used a combination of several quantitative and qualitative methods and approaches. This article discusses Lazarsfeld’s general research strategy, which was based on teamwork, his use of the workshop as a method for teaching by doing, and his elaboration model, developed to test important causes of phenomena of scientific interest and their consequences. The article also discusses several new analytical methods and methodologies of social research that he developed: panel analysis, contextual analysis, and latent structure analysis. These methods and methodologies have since given rise to more advanced versions of themselves. Multilevel models were used for a contextual analysis. Latent class analysis is the modern-day successor to latent structure analysis. He also developed an original method that combines qualitative and analytical principles—reason analysis. </p>2022-01-08T12:20:30-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18661Lazarsfeld's Legacy| Paul Lazarsfeld and the Limited Effect of McCarthyism on the Academic Mind2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Hans-Joerg Tiedejtiede@aaup.org<p class="Body" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 130%; font-family: 'Verdana',sans-serif; color: windowtext;">In what was to be his final major survey project, Paul Lazarsfeld focused on the impact of McCarthyism on academic freedom in the United States. The resulting book, Lazarsfeld and Thielens’ <em>The Academic Mind</em>, demonstrated that McCarthyism had caused widespread apprehension among social scientists at colleges and universities, but, at the same time, the level of apprehension fell short of the expectations of the study’s funding agency. This paper will discuss the origins of the study, its main findings, and Lazarsfeld’s own reflections on its shortcomings in subsequent publications. The article focuses on the unexpected and somewhat unexplored finding, originally suggested by fellow survey researcher Samuel Stouffer, who himself had been a victim of McCarthyism, that administrators at “better” institutions had helped defend academic freedom to a greater degree. The article concludes with an application of the survey results to the study of the history of the American Association of University Professors during the McCarthy era.</span></p>2022-01-08T12:20:17-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18731Lazarsfeld's Legacy| Research and Publishing at the Bureau of Applied Social Research: The Gendering of Commercial and Academic Work2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Elena D. HristovaHristovE@regents.ac.uk<p class="Body">Paul F. Lazarsfeld’s Bureau of Applied Social Research (BASR) at Columbia University was a well-known center for research into media and mass communication. Little known, however, are the lasting consequences of the engendering of different types of research at the bureau—academic as male and commercial as female. This forum contribution examines the Bureau of Applied Social Research Records, 1944–1977 collection guide, located online and at the Columbia University Rare Book & Manuscript Library Collection, to produce a quantitative record of women’s and men’s publications. This record shows that women were tracked into and disproportionately worked on commercial studies, while men disproportionately worked on academic studies. The commercial studies kept the bureau financially afloat and subsidized the academic studies. This gendered split meant that women were more likely to be used as hired hands for commercial studies. As such, they have largely been erased from stories about the BASR, rather than be remembered as foundational figures in communication and media studies. </p>2022-01-08T12:20:08-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18659Lazarsfeld's Legacy| Beyond <i>Marienthal</i>: The Relationship Between Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann and Paul F. Lazarsfeld2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Ralph E. SchmidtRalph.Schmidt@unige.chThomas Petersentpetersen@ifd-allensbach.de<p>In 1960, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann and her husband published a new edition of the seminal Marienthal Study by Marie Jahoda, Hans Zeisel, and Paul F. Lazarsfeld that had first appeared in Germany in 1933 but had largely been forgotten ever since. In the wake of this publication, which sparked a discovery of Lazarsfeld’s pioneering work in German-speaking countries, a mutually inspiring relationship developed between Lazarsfeld and Noelle-Neumann. On the basis of previously unpublished correspondence, the exchange of ideas between the two is retraced in this article. The topics of discussion included methodological issues, such as panel studies; theoretical issues, such as the function of opinion leaders; and institutional issues, such as the respective role of public and private opinion research. The two authors also reflected upon the complementarity of American and European traditions in social research that is exemplified in their collaboration. It may be gathered from the correspondence that Lazarsfeld’s research program provided a blueprint for Noelle-Neumann’s endeavor to transform German <em>Publizistikwissenschaft</em> [science of public communication] from a humanistic into an empirical social scientific discipline.</p>2022-01-08T12:19:59-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18906Lazarsfeld's Legacy| Paul Lazarsfeld’s Understanding of the 1948 Electoral World and 20202022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Anthony Oberschalltonob@live.unc.edu<div id="i4c-draggable-container" style="position: fixed; z-index: 1499; width: 0px; height: 0px;"><div class="resolved" style="all: initial;" data-reactroot=""> </div></div><p class="Body"><em>Voting</em> resulted in pioneering knowledge about the political attitudes and behaviors of ordinary people, as well as of methods for study of political process. Paul Lazarsfeld and his team found that voters were not the rational decision makers of economic theory, but neither were they puppets manipulated in mass society. Voters are social beings as influenced by their social milieu and peers as they are with regard to other social and cultural preferences and behaviors. The 1948 election in U.S. politics was fought on longstanding and stable socioeconomic cleavages. Multiculturalism, identity politics, and racial justice were not on the political agenda. Lazarsfeld was mindful that ideological issues might lead to antidemocratic tendencies, as in 1930s Europe. Since the 1950s there have been major changes in the political media and in political culture. This forum article explores the extent to which Lazarsfeld’s findings about the electoral process are applicable in the present time.</p><div id="i4c-dialogs-container"> </div>2022-01-08T12:19:46-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19763The Copyright Claims Board: Good News or Bad News for Communication Scholars?2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Patricia Aufderheidepaufder@american.eduAram Sinnreicharam@american.edu<p>The U.S. Copyright Claims Board (CCB), created in 2020 by the Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act, creates a nonjudicial administrative venue to resolve copyright infringement claims up to $30,000. Supporters claim it will help “little guy” creators protect their work. Detractors claim that it will increase corporate intimidation and copyright trolling. We surveyed communication and Internet scholars to assess appetite for risk when challenged for an appropriate fair use and legally permitted reuse of copyrighted material. We found that the CCB does not serve its stated purpose because of scholars’ fear of legal entanglements. Nor will it offer scholars a way to protect copyrighted work because well-informed defendants are most likely to opt out of the venue. We believe the actions of the nascent CCB deserve scrutiny from communication and Internet scholars particularly because the Copyright Office must report to Congress on its effectiveness after three years. <strong><br /></strong></p>2022-10-14T16:46:15-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19994Home-No-Home: Academic Immigrants in the Fields of Communication2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Dafna Lemishdafna.lemish@rutgers.edu<p>Academic immigrants compromise a significant number of scholars from the departments of communication, media, and related disciplines. This article gives voice to some of the stories shared by 81 of them during in-depth interviews. They discuss childhood experiences that predisposed them to the possibility of immigration, and the various personal, professional, and political motivations for such a change. The sense of living a double life and a complicated relationship with the concept of home characterized many of their narratives. However, they also perceive their “otherness” as a source of strength that impacts their scholarship and makes unique contributions to our disciplines. The article concludes with advocacy for a greater appreciation of our academic immigrant colleagues’ roles and advocates for assisting them to develop a stronger sense of belonging. </p>2022-09-13T17:09:47-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19094Inoculation Theory and Affect2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Josh Comptonjosh.compton@dartmouth.eduBobi Ivanovbobi.ivanov@uky.eduErin Hestererin.hester@uky.edu<p>Although affect factors into most theoretical explanations for inoculation-conferred resistance to influence, it has received comparably less attention than its cognitive features. What we do know from extant research, however, is important for our understanding of resistance to influence. This review surveys research in affect and inoculation theory with special attention to how affect can bolster or thwart resistance; how affective messages function in comparison with other approaches; and the role of specific emotions, like anger, in inoculation. It provides an overview of the conventional inoculation theoretical model and a careful reading of what we can learn from research exploring issues of affect in inoculation.</p><p align="left"> </p>2022-06-29T04:39:36-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18366Political Identity and the Therapeutic Work of U.S. Conservative Media2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Anthony Nadleranadler@ursinus.edu<p>This essay contends that much of the emotional energy of contemporary U.S. conservatism comes from attachments to conservatism as a social identity. Drawing on observations from years of studying conservative news texts and interviewing conservative news consumers, I argue that today’s most popular, secular conservative media tell an overarching story of conservatism as an identity facing the threat of stigma from liberal elites, liberal cultural institutions, and allied left agitators. These narratives reinforce a sense among audiences that liberals are intent on shaming conservatives and relegating them to a category of morally-flawed persons unfit to participate in public life. Conservative media serves as a resource for therapeutic support once such a threat has been invoked—providing positive affirmations of conservative identity, defenses against liberal attacks, and discrediting the threatening outgroup. I discuss implications that this approach to political identity and media narratives has for analyzing cultural processes sustaining conservative populist mobilization. </p>2022-04-24T15:34:03-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20648Valérie Bélair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher (Eds.), <i>Journalism Research That Matters</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Adina Schneeweisschneewe@oakland.edu2022-11-30T04:58:04-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20651Kate Fortmueller, <i>Hollywood Shutdown: Production, Distribution, and Exhibition in the Time of COVID</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Nanor Vosgueritchiannv917@nyu.edu2022-11-14T11:18:53-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20643Priscilla Hobbs (Ed.), <i>Interpreting and Experiencing Disney: Mediating the Mouse</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Noah Zweignoahz747@gmail.com2022-11-14T11:16:41-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20634Gino Canella, <i>Activist Media: Documenting Movements and Networked Solidarity</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Patricia Aufderheidepaufder@american.edu2022-11-14T11:14:24-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20630Ralph Tench, Juan Meng, and Ángeles Moreno (Eds.), <i>Strategic Communication in a Global Crisis: National and International Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Marina Rospitasarimarinarose.0301990@gmail.comHersintus Suwenda SyahsuyosoHersintus20001@mail.unpad.ac.idIvana Pascalia Sooaiivana20001@mail.unpad.ac.id2022-11-14T11:11:44-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20588Johanna Sumiala, <i>Mediated Death</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Tal Morsetalmor@hac.ac.il2022-10-29T19:18:54-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20577Jacob Mchangama, <i>Free Speech: A History From Socrates to Social Media</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Sue Curry Jansenjansen@muhlenberg.edu2022-10-29T19:16:36-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20516Jérémy Vachet, <i>Fantasy, Neoliberalism and Precariousness: Coping Strategies in the Cultural Industries</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Zhang Kerencorryz@163.com2022-10-14T16:57:17-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20445Mazyar Lotfalian, <i>What People do With Images: Aesthetics, Politics and the Production of Iranian Visual Culture in Transnational Circuits</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Babak Rahimibrahimi@ucsd.edu2022-10-14T16:50:09-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20464Darryl Hocking, <i>The Impact of Everyday Language Change on the Practices of Visual Artists</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Qiuying Zhaotongzhuo321@163.com2022-09-25T12:58:22-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20382H. Dan O’Hair and Mary John O’Hair (Eds.), <i>Communicating Science in Times of Crisis: COVID-19 Pandemic</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Ronald Douglas Aiken IIaikensc29@gmail.com2022-09-25T12:51:40-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20338Robyn Blakeman, <i>Advertising Design by Medium: A Visual and Verbal Approach</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Meimei Xiangxiangmei197515@163.comRenhua Zhengzoulijun19751115@163.com2022-09-25T12:45:25-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20342Tiffany Petricini, <i>Friendship and Technology: A Philosophical Approach to Computer-Mediated Communication</i>2022-11-30T05:00:06-08:00Miao Haohaomiao@hust.edu.cn2022-09-13T17:36:03-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20336Silvia Pettini, <i>The Translation of Realia and Irrealia in Game Localization: Culture-Specificity Between Realism and Fictionality</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Chenjing Lilichenjing@mail.hfut.edu.cn2022-09-13T17:33:45-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20317Susanna Paasonen, Feona Attwood, Alan Mckee, John Mercer, and Clarissa Smith, <i>Objectification: On the Difference between Sex and Sexism</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Di Wangwangdi.dec@qq.com2022-09-13T17:29:29-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20303Tero Karppi, Urs Stäheli, Clara Wieghorst, and Lea P. Zierott, <i>Undoing Networks</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Yao Yaoyyao7791@usc.edu2022-09-13T17:26:49-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20289Katarzyna Kopecka-Piech and Bartłomiej Łódzki (Eds.), <i>The Covid-19 Pandemic as a Challenge for Media and Communication Studies</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Wenliang Chencwldlj135@163.com2022-09-13T17:20:23-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20264Amit Pinchevski, <i>Echo</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Jérôme Bourdonjerombourdon@gmail.com2022-09-13T17:12:28-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20295Samuel Mateus (Ed.), <i>Media Rhetoric: How Advertising and Digital Media Influence Us</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Kincső Szabókincso.szabo@stud.uni-corvinus.hu2022-08-19T16:27:38-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20248Katarzyna Kopecka-Piech and Bartłomiej Łódzki (Eds.), <i>The Covid-19 Pandemic as a Challenge for Media and Communication Studies</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Zhang Kerencorryz@163.com2022-08-19T16:24:49-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20243Lawrence R. Samuel, <i>Freud on Madison Avenue: Motivation Research and Subliminal Advertising in America</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Hannah Blockhblock@sfu.ca2022-08-19T16:21:35-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20187Paul Baker and Gavin Brookes, <i>Analysing Language, Sex and Age in a Corpus of Patient Feedback: A Comparison of Approaches</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Qiuying Zhaotongzhuo321@163.com2022-08-19T16:18:56-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20143Alexander Monea, <i>The Digital Closet: How the Internet Became Straight</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Tyler Quicktylerqui@usc.edu2022-08-19T16:16:31-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20193Zachary J. McDowell and Matthew A. Vetter, <i>Wikipedia and the Representation of Reality</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Isabelle Langrockisabelle.langrock@asc.upenn.edu2022-08-13T16:25:42-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20112Vincent Miller, <i>Understanding Digital Culture</i> (2nd ed.)2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Admilson Veloso da Silvamilsonvelososilva@gmail.com2022-07-28T14:53:41-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20101Stuart Price and Ben Harbisher (Eds.), <i>Power, Media and the Covid-19 Pandemic: Framing Public Discourse</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Nath Aldalala'aal.nath@sdu.edu.cn2022-07-28T14:51:04-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20034Yi Guo, <i>Freedom of the Press in China: A Conceptual History, 1831–1949</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Liuchang Tantanl006@newschool.edu2022-07-11T18:31:51-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19957Seb Franklin, <i>The Digitally Disposed: Racial Capitalism and the Informatics of Value</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Rebecca Avalosrebecca.avalos@colorado.edu2022-06-29T04:46:52-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19953Keri K. Stephens (Ed.), <i>New Media in Times of Crisis: New Agendas in Communication</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Christopher John Longcjl12@email.sc.edu2022-06-29T04:44:33-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19939Adriana Gordejuela, <i>Flashbacks in Film: A Cognitive and Multimodal Analysis</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Matthew Sellers Johnsonmsellers1923@gmail.com2022-06-29T04:41:57-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19942Elina R. Tachkova and W. Timothy Coombs, <i>Communicating in Extreme Crises: Lessons From the Edge</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Yanhong Huhuyanhong@hust.edu.cn2022-06-13T18:26:42-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19938Wendy K. Z. Anderson, <i>Rebirthing a Nation: White Women, Identity Politics, and the Internet</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Aiden James Koscieszaaiden.kosciesza@temple.edu2022-06-13T18:24:20-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19920Jinhyun Cho, <i>Intercultural Communication in Interpreting: Power and Choices</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Cuiling Zhangcuilingzhang@ustb.edu.cn2022-06-13T18:21:37-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19827Achille Mbembe, <i>Necropolitics</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Sebastian Yuxi Zhaosebzhao@yorku.ca2022-05-26T18:14:25-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19747James Shanahan, <i>Media Effects: A Narrative Perspective (Key Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies)</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Marco Guimarco.gui@unimib.it2022-05-26T18:11:20-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19768Damian Tambini, <i>Media Freedom</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Andrei G. Richterrichter.andrei@gmail.com2022-05-13T17:04:55-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19758Monique Lewis, Eliza Govender, and Kate Holland (Eds.), <i>Communicating COVID-19: Interdisciplinary Perspectives</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Jim Macnamarajim.macnamara@uts.edu.au2022-05-13T17:02:31-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19632Teun A. van Dijk, <i>Antiracist Discourse: Theory and History of a Macromovement</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Xuelei Wangstonewxl@163.com2022-05-13T16:59:58-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19702Melissa Aronczyk and Maria I. Espinoza, <i>A Strategic Nature: Public Relations and the Politics of American Environmentalism</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Stephanie Hillsteph.hill@ryerson.ca2022-04-24T15:44:22-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19519Matthew Powers and Adrienne Russell (Eds.), <i>Rethinking Media Research for Changing Societies</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Yangge Zhangzhangyangge26@yeah.net2022-04-24T15:41:55-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19395Jen Hoyer and Nora Almeida, <i>The Social Movement Archive</i>2022-11-30T05:00:07-08:00Benjamin Heim Shepardbenshepard@mindspring.com2022-04-24T15:39:21-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19129Sun-ha Hong, <i>Technologies of Speculation: The Limits of Knowledge in a Data-Driven Society</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Paige Anne Von Feldtpavo222@g.uky.edu2022-04-24T15:36:42-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19650Marta Pérez-Escolar and José Manuel Noguera-Vivo (Eds.), <i>Hate Speech and Polarization in Participatory Society</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Raymie E. McKerrowmckerrow@ohio.edu2022-04-10T11:00:38-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19465Tarleton Gillespie, <i>Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions That Shape Social Media</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Krysten Steinkstein22@uic.edu2022-04-10T10:57:36-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19586Matthew Crain, <i>Profit Over Privacy: How Surveillance Advertising Conquered the Internet</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Oscar H. Gandy, Jr.ogandy@asc.upenn.edu2022-03-28T05:59:37-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19454Historical and Contemporary Representations of Youth and Teens in Media Fictions2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Lauren Alexandra Sowalsowa@usc.edu2022-03-14T17:50:40-07:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19480João Freire (Ed.), <i>Nation Branding in Europe</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Radoslaw Sajna-Kunowskyrsajna@post.pl2022-02-27T15:18:53-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19436Jennifer Porst, <i>Broadcasting Hollywood: The Struggle Over Feature Films on Early TV</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Amanda Cattelarc9503@nyu.edu2022-02-27T15:14:07-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18729Tarry Hum, Ron Hayduk, Francois Pierre-Louis Jr., and Michael Alan Krasner (Eds.), <i>Immigrant Crossroads: Globalization, Incorporation, and Placemaking in Queens, New York</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Benjamin Heim Shepardbshepard@citytech.cuny.edu2022-02-27T15:11:39-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19396Gerard Goggin, <i>Apps: From Mobile Phones to Digital Lives</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Jessica Robertsjessicaroberts@ucp.pt2022-02-13T12:55:38-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19392Ben Jacobsen and David Beer, <i>Social Media and the Automatic Production of Memory: Classification, Ranking and the Sorting of the Past</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Ngai Keung Chanoliverchan@cuhk.edu.hk2022-02-13T12:53:28-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19389Tama Leaver, Tim Highfield, and Crystal Abidin, <i>Instagram: Visual Social Media Cultures</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Sophia E. Du Valsduval@whitworth.edu2022-02-13T12:51:02-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19324Paul S. Hirsch, <i>Pulp Empire: The Secret History of Comic Book Imperialism</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Joshua A. Braunjabraun@journ.umass.edu2022-02-13T12:45:56-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19277Chris Ingraham, <i>Gestures of Concern</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Thomas A. Discennadiscenna@oakland.edu2022-01-27T12:49:34-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19241Jonathan Gray, <i>Dislike-Minded: Media, Audiences, and the Dynamics of Taste</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Katerina Girginovakaterina.girginova@asc.upenn.edu2022-01-27T12:47:13-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19219Pieter Verdegem (Ed.), <i>AI for Everyone? Critical Perspectives</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Yanling Zhuy.zhu.5@research.gla.ac.uk2022-01-14T04:48:25-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19184Kathleen Belew and Ramόn A. Gutiérrez (Eds.), <i>A Field Guide to White Supremacy</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Julia R. DeCookjdecook@luc.edu2022-01-14T04:45:17-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19141Eva M. Gomez-Jimenez and Michael Toolan (Eds.), <i>The Discursive Construction of Economic Inequality: CADS Approaches to the British Media</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Hong Leiannielei09@gmail.comZhanhao Jiang447939126@qq.com2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19136Philip Seib, <i>Information at War: Journalism, Disinformation, and Modern Warfare</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Andrei G. Richterrichter.andrei@gmail.com2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19121Craig Robertson, <i>The Filing Cabinet: A Vertical History of Information</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Danielle R. Mehlman-BrightwellDanielle.Mehlman-Brightwell@westliberty.edu2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19104Ezra Klein, <i>Why We're Polarized</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00João Carlos Sousajoao.carlos.sousa@iscte-iul.pt2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19097Natalia Konstantinovskaia, <i>The Language of Feminine Beauty in Russian and Japanese Societies</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Chao Luluchao@ustb.edu.cn2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18989Sarah Florini, <i>Beyond Hashtags: Racial Politics and Black Digital Networks</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Elizabeth R. Hornsbyehornsby@selu.edu2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19028Amber L. Hutchins and Natalie T. J. Tindall (Eds.), <i>Public Relations and Online Engagement: Audiences, Fandom and Influencers</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Hannah Blockhblock@sfu.ca2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19009Shira Chess, <i>Play Like a Feminist</i>2022-11-30T05:00:08-08:00Maria Sommersmsommers@sfu.ca2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19004Paul Byron, <i>Digital Media, Friendship and Cultures of Care</i>2022-11-30T05:00:09-08:00Jamie Hoholukjamie_hoholuk@sfu.ca2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18996Raul P. Lejano and Shondel J. Nero, <i>The Power of Narrative: Climate Skepticism and the Deconstruction of Science</i>2022-11-30T05:00:09-08:00Ryland Shawryland_shaw@sfu.ca2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18960Tim Hwang, <i>Subprime Attention Crisis: Advertising and the Time Bomb at the Heart of the Internet</i>2022-11-30T05:00:09-08:00Bridget Barrettbridget4@ad.unc.edu2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18920Meenakshi Gigi Durham, <i>MeToo: The Impact of Rape Culture in the Media</i>2022-11-30T05:00:09-08:00Sophie Maddockssophie.maddocks@asc.upenn.edu2022-01-01T00:00:00-08:00